Warum die Europäische Union gescheitert ist: Eine Bilanz

Mit der in der Krise in Europa durchgesetzten 'New Economic Goverance' kommt die wettbewerbsstaatliche Integrationsweise zu sich selbst und zugleich an ihr Ende. In dem Artikel wird die These vertreten, dass die Gründe hierfür in den einseitigen gesellschaftlichen und apparativen Kräfteverhältnissen die sich in Europa verdichten, fehlenden zivilgesellschaftlichen Strukturen sowie dem gescheiterten Projekt einer Sozialen Union zu suchen sind Dies führte dazu, dass die EU ein Eliteprojekt geblieben ist. Eine gesellschaftliche Basis fehlt ihr, sodass sie in Krisen schnell als Ganzes in Frage gestellt wird

Die transnationale Regulation des Freihandels

The article describes how political regulation works at a transnational level. It argues that here a flexible network of transnational regulation emerges. As an illustration Wissel analyses the WTO and the attempt to organise a Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) inside, and outside the WTO. The example of the MAI shows how the different actors can use this flexibility to enforce their interests and to obtain the selectivity of this network

the transnationalization of the state in the process of an emerging eu migration control policy

As a regional response to transnationalization the European integration has led to supranational institutions whose functions and competences had been core elements of nation statestill then. The development since 1999 has in particular brought about European politics of migration control which challenge classical approaches of (nation-) state theory. This is because these developments imply the emergence of a territory overlapping national boundaries, as they involve transnational population control and shifts in the state’s monopoly on the use of violence and citizenship legislation. Against this background, the aim of this article is to empirically analyse the new ensemble of institutions that is emerging with in this process. On the basis of the premise that the concreteform of the political is always the result of social struggles, we assume that the unity of the national territorial state is disintegrating in the processes described above. In fact, the state’s apparatuses re-groupwith European ones and form a reterritorialised and increasingly differentiated control apparatus which governs people alongside the constitution of zones of stratifi ed legal titles

Software-assisted dosimetry in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with ¹⁷⁷Lutetium-DOTATATE for various imaging scenarios

<div><p>In peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasias (NENs), intratherapeutic dosimetry is mandatory for organs at risk (e.g. kidneys) and tumours. We evaluated commercial dosimetry software (Dosimetry Toolkit) using varying imaging scenarios, based on planar and/or tomographic data, regarding the differences in calculated organ/tumour doses and the use for clinical routines. A total of 16 consecutive patients with NENs treated by PRRT with ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTATATE were retrospectively analysed. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/low-dose computed tomography (CT) of the thorax and abdomen and whole body (WB) scintigraphy were acquired up to 7 days p.i. (at a maximum of five imaging time points). Different dosimetric scenarios were evaluated: (1) a multi-SPECT-CT scenario using SPECT/CT only; (2) a planar scenario using WB scintigraphy only; and (3) a hybrid scenario using WB scintigraphy in combination with a single SPECT/low-dose CT. Absorbed doses for the kidneys, liver, spleen, lungs, bladder wall and tumours were calculated and compared for the three different scenarios. The mean absorbed dose for the kidneys estimated by the multi-SPECT-CT, the planar and the hybrid scenario was 0.5 ± 0.2 Sv GBq^-1, 0.8 ± 0.4 Sv GBq^-1 and 0.6 ± 0.3 Sv GBq^-1, respectively. The absorbed dose for the residual organs was estimated higher by the planar scenario compared to the multi-SPECT-CT or hybrid scenario. The mean absorbed tumour doses were 2.6 ± 1.5 Gy GBq^-1 for the multi-SPECT-CT, 3.1 ± 2.2 Gy GBq^-1 for the hybrid scenario and 5.3 ± 6.3 Gy GBq^-1 for the planar scenario. SPECT-based dosimetry methods determined significantly lower kidney doses than the WB scintigraphy-based method. Dosimetry based completely on SPECT data is time-consuming and tedious. Approaches combining SPECT/CT and WB scintigraphy have the potential to ensure compromise between accuracy and user-friendliness.</p></div