Women\u27s Self-Defense Under Washington Law—State v. Wanrow, 88 Wn. 2d 221, 559 P.2d 548 (1977)

The Washington Supreme Court, in State v. Wanrow, examined the issue of self-defense for women under Washington law and held that the application of traditional self-defense rules resulted in prejudicial treatment of women defendants. This note will examine the meaning of the Wanrow decision and offer support for its holding in light of available psychological and sociological data. Additionally, this note will suggest a special analytical framework utilizing social science data to test accepted legal doctrines for latent sex discrimination. The importance of these data in exposing such discrimination will be shown by examining related cases in the area of sexual assault. It is concluded that, while the analysis in the Wanrow case is deficient, the result finds support in empirical data and is a forward step in the area of self-defense law in Washington

Diets, distribution and population dynamics of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) in Arctic shelf ecosystems

Thesis (Ph.D.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2019With climate warming and longer open-water seasons in the Arctic, there is an increased interest in shipping, oil exploration and the expansion or development of commercial fisheries. Anticipated natural and anthropogenic changes are expected to alter the Arctic shelf ecosystems, including their fish communities. As a component of the Arctic Ecosystem Integrated Survey (Arctic Eis), this project presented a unique opportunity to assess the ontogenetic, spatial and temporal variability in the distribution, abundance and trophic roles (trophic level and diet sources) of key fish species in the Chukchi Sea. For my dissertation, I addressed three objectives to advance our understanding of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) as a key component of Arctic ecosystems. First, I characterized the current range of variability in trophic roles within the system and explored the role of advection in shaping the fish communities' diet (isotopic signatures) with a focus on Arctic cod. Second, I examined environmental and biological influences on the distribution and abundance of Arctic cod and provided an updated stock assessment for the Chukchi Sea. Finally, I broadened the geographic scope and used available time series of survey data at the southern margin of their range in the Pacific (eastern Bering Sea) and Atlantic (Newfoundland/Labrador shelves) sectors to assess the influence of temperature, predators and competitors on their distribution. Compared to age-1+ Arctic cod, age-0 Arctic cod had a less diverse diet regardless of water mass and were limited to colder temperatures. Together, this suggests that younger Arctic cod are more vulnerable to climate change. Estimates of egg production and early survival suggest that the numbers of mature Arctic cod present in the survey area during summer are unlikely to produce the observed high abundances of age-0 Arctic cod in the Chukchi Sea. Moreover, Arctic cod distributions in their southern ranges were highly influenced by temperature and to a lesser extent by competitors and predators. When temperatures were warmer, Arctic cod occupied a smaller area. These results inform the management of Arctic cod in a rapidly changing environment and provide benchmarks against which to assess future changes.Bureau of Ocean and Energy Management (BOEM) Award # M12AC00009 and in part with qualified outer continental shelf oil and gas revenues by the Coastal Impact Assistance Program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior (contracts #s: 10-CIAP-010; F12AF00188). North Pacific Research Board Graduate Research Award, the Cooperative Institute for Alaska Research with funds from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under cooperative agreement NA13OAR4320056 with the University of Alaska, J. Frances Allen Scholarship, Dr. H. Richard Carlson Scholarship, and the Al Tyler Memorial Scholarship.General introduction -- Chapter 1. Ontogenetic, spatial and temporal variation in trophic level and diet of Chukchi Sea fishes -- Chapter 2. Environmental and biological influences on the distribution and population dynamics of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) in the US Chukchi Sea -- Chapter 3. Influences of temperature, predators and competitors on Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) at the southern margin of their distribution -- General conclusions -- References

Workplace Violence: Workplace Violence Reporting in the Acute Care Setting

Executive Summary Background and Significance: Workplace violence (WPV) is any physical or psychological injury that befalls an employee in their place of employment during a work shift (Toon et al., 2019). Of the four categories of WPV type two and three WPV are the most common in the healthcare setting (Enos, 2020). Type two WPV occurs when a customer, client or patient becomes violent while receiving healthcare services (Enos, 2020). Nursing care often requires intimate contact with patients increasing vulnerability to attack through proximity to the perpetrator (Phillips, 2016). In 2016 WPV injuries in nursing were three times greater than all other professions and this rate of incidence continues to grow (The Joint Commission [TJC], 2018). Current statistics may not accurately describe the scope of WPV because it is underreported (Phillips, 2016; TJC, 2018). Reporting WPV events is not mandatory (TJC, 2018). Problem and Purpose: Underreporting WPV results in flawed data which creates a barrier for planning prevention strategies (TJC, 2018). There is an increased need for data that accurately describes the characteristics of type two WPV to facilitate the establishment of sustainable prevention strategies (Arnetz et al, 2018). One significant barrier to collecting this data is the lack of formal reporting by hospital staff who have been victims of abuse (Phillips, 2016). There is a need for targeted staff education that may decrease anxiety and improve confidence when reporting type two WPV incidents in the electronic event reporting system. Better communication about type two WPV incidents may lead to the collection of reliable data to inform the planning of appropriate interventions and eventually produce a safer healing environment (Phillips, 2016). The focus of this project is educating healthcare staff to improve their confidence when reporting type two WPV incidents in an electronic reporting system. Methods: This project used a single group pretest and posttest design, with data collected at the end of one month. After a convenience sample of employees working at Astria Hospitals completed a population survey and pretest assigned in the organization’s HealthStream, they could access an educational presentation focused on reporting type two WPV. Once staff finished viewing the educational presentation, they completed a Likert-type posttest that was identical to the pretest. These materials were created specifically for this project and were validated prior to administration with a literature table. The results of the three surveys were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Tool reliability was tested with Cronbach’s alpha and Factor analysis. The pretest and posttest results were tested for statistically significant changes with paired two tailed t tests and the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: The project’s desired outcome was achieved and staff in two rural Washington hospitals self-reported statistically significant (p = \u3c.001) changes in anxiety and confidence related to reporting type two WPV in the electronic reporting system after viewing an educational presentation. This research adds a new tool for the assessment of staff anxiety and confidence when deciding to report a type two WPV incident. Ninety-seven staff members completed the population and pretest surveys. Twenty-five respondents completed all three surveys. The results of the larger group (n= 97) were used to assess population characteristics, test the internal consistency of the Likert-type survey tool with Cronbach’s Alpha and Factor Analysis, and to assess the results of the fourth section of the Likert tool. Cronbach’s alpha confirmed the validity of the first fifteen questions of the Likert-type survey tool (0.931). The responses from the smaller population (n= 25) were analyzed to determine whether the clinical question was answered by comparing the pretest and posttest scores of sections 1, 2, and 3. The paired two tailed t test results for the three combined sections of the Likert-type survey indicate statistically significant changes from the pretest (mean (M) = 61.36, standard deviation (SD) = 11.04) to the posttest (M = 73.04, SD = 10.9), t(24) = -4.8996, p =\u3c.001. These findings were confirmed with Wilcoxon signed ranks that resulted for the combined sections Standardized test statistic (Z) = 3.729, p =\u3c.001, or reject the null hypothesis. The effect size (0.746) of the educational intervention was large. Sustainability: This project produced educational material and surveys that are being used by the education department of Astria Hospitals. The educational presentation and surveys are resources designed for this Yakima Valley hospital system and its WPV safety committees to assist in compliance with state law. Implications: By achieving the goals of this project, the Astria Health System has an improved chance of collecting accurate data regarding trends and patterns of workplace violence due to optimized staff communication with management via the electronic event reporting system. Data from the event reporting system was only collected through September 2022 for this project and it is unknown at this time whether WPV reporting rates increased after the project was complete. This is a topic for continued research. The mandated multidisciplinary safety committees in the Astria Hospital System require high quality information because it is the basis for determining appropriate interventions for three-year WPV safety plans. Additionally, continued staff reporting provides committees with current data so that they may assess the effectiveness of type two WPV prevention measures and adjust facility safety plans on a yearly basis. References Arnetz, J., Hamblin, L., Sudan, S., & Arnetz, B. (2018). Organizational determinants of workplace violence against hospital workers. Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine 60(8), 693–699. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001345 Enos, L. (2020). Stop violence in healthcare, workplace violence in hospitals: A toolkit for prevention and management. Oregon Association of Hospitals and Health Systems. Retrieved June 24, 2020, from https://www.oahhs.org/safety Phillips, J. (2016). Workplace violence against health care workers in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 347(17), 1661–1669. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1501998 The Joint Commission. (2018). Physical and verbal violence against health care workers. (Sentinel Event Alert, Issue 59). Retrieved June 24, 2020, from https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/documents/office-quality-and-patient-safety/sea_59_workplace_violence_4_13_18_final.pdf?db=web&hash=9E659237DBAF28F07982817322B99FFB Toon, M., Weaver, C., Fraiser, N., & Brown, K. (2019). Holding the line against workplace violence. Nursing, 61–63. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NURSE.0000553279.11096.c

Creating an Experiential Learning Based Multi-Disciplinary Program

For many years, curriculum development has considered learning outcomes at the program level largely via learning outcomes at the course level. Some programs have modified their designs to use different structures such as condensed courses or project based learning. Recently, there has been an increased interest in experiential learning as a way to facilitate student acquisition of real-world applicable capabilities while enhancing student learning of ‘soft skills’ such as professionalism, communication, and team management. Historically, such engagement including complexities of real-world problems has been accomplished through internships, co-op, capstone courses, or project based learning. In this paper we present an innovative model for experiential curriculum design based on skill requirements and learning outcomes derived from industry needs combined with technology enabled learning. The curriculum has been designed in a highly modular approach to ensure flexibility in student learning pathways to meet the requirements of the work related learning projects that are integrated as part of the program design. The conceptual model of this approach to curriculum design will be presented through a case study of the development of the informatics program at UOIT. Areas of caution are explored to identify recommendations for risk mitigation when developing a program utilizing this type of learning environment. In particular, student selection, technical infrastructure requirements, learning outcome measurement, faculty scheduling, and program management are considered

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Changing the direction of environmental investment in Australia: Learnings from implementing INFFER

Investment in natural resource management (NRM) by regional organisations in Australia has been widely criticised for failing to achieve substantial environmental outcomes. The Investment Framework for Environmental Resources (INFFER) is a tool for developing and prioritising projects to address environmental issues such as water quality, biodiversity decline, environmental pest impacts and land degradation. INFFER is an asset-based, targeted, and outcome-focussed approach to environmental investment, and as such is a very different and more rigorous approach to prioritising possible environmental projects than used previously by most catchment management organisations (CMOs) in Australia. From 2008 to 2010 INFFER has been trialled with CMOs. Evaluation and benchmarking data obtained at 2-day INFFER training sessions with seven CMOs in three eastern Australia states are reported. Before commencing to use INFFER, CMO staff are generally confident about the current decision-making processes for environmental investment used within their organisation. In some cases, this initial perception challenges their acceptance of a new approach to investment decisionmaking. Key issues when implementing INFFER include concerns about changing the direction of CMO investment, concerns about compatibility with funder requirements, and various issues associated with specific aspects of the Framework. Perceived complexity of INFFER, existing institutional arrangements, and the legacy of past institutional arrangements remain serious barriers to the adoption of methods to improve environmental outcomes from NRM investment. Despite these difficulties INFFER is being used by a number of CMOs. However, it is likely that widespread adoption of INFFER, or indeed any other transparent and robust process, will only occur with greater requirement from governments for environmental decision making by regional NRM bodies that is more focused on outcomes and cost-effectiveness.NRM investment planning, NRM investment prioritisation, regional catchment management organisations, NRM policy, environmental planning, environmental prioritisation, environmental policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Q50, Q58,

Widening access to medical education for under-represented socioeconomic groups: population based cross sectional analysis of UK data, 2002-6

Objective To determine whether new programmes developed to widen access to medicine in the United Kingdom have produced more diverse student populations

Ontogenetic considerations in the trophic level of commercial groundfish species in the Gulf of Alaska

Thesis (M.S.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2010"Trends in trophic level (TL) estimates of commercial fishery catches are used as ecosystem-based indicators for sustainability, but these estimates often do not incorporate species-specific interannual and ontogenetic feeding patterns. This study provides a finer resolution of ontogenetic and temporal variations in the trophic position of four groundfish species in the central Gulf of Alaska (GOA), walleye pollock (Theragra chaleogramma), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), using stable isotope analysis to assess TL and diet source. Samples were collected from the northeastern side of Kodiak Island, Alaska, from 2000-2004. Several Analysis of Covariance models were tested, allowing TL to co-vary with length, to detect possible variation among years and seasons and to estimate TL of catch for each study species. For each species, TL increased with length. Significant annual differences in [delta]¹³C and [delta]¹⁵N were detected for all groundfish, indicating a lower TL, pelagic diet in 2003 and a higher TL, benthic diet in 2001. Overall, TL of GOA commercial catches appeared to remain stable over 1990-2009, with the exception of walleye Pollack after 1999. This study shows that including length data could lead to an earlier detection of decline in TL estimates"--Leaf iiiGulf Apex Predator-prey project (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Grant NA16FX1270) and the Rasmuson Fisheries Research Center1. Temporal and ontogenetic variability in trophic role of four groundfish species: walleye pollock, Pacific cod, arrowtooth flounder, and Pacific halibut, in the Gulf of Alaska -- 2. Ontogenetic considerations in trophic level of commercial groundfish species in the Gulf of Alaska -- General conclusion -- References