Methyl 9H-xanthene-9-carboxyl­ate

The title compound, C15H12O3, was obtained unintentionally as the by-product of an attempted recrystallization from methanol of propantheline bromide, an anti­muscarinic drug. The xanthone unit is folded, with a dihedral angle of 24.81 (9)° between the benzene rings. The ester substituent adopts a trans staggered conformation, with a C—C—O—C torsion angle of 178.4 (1)°. The mol­ecules pack in distinct layers, facilitated by C—H⋯π and weak π–π ring inter­actions. A weak C—H⋯O inter­action also occurs; however, no classical hydrogen bonding is observed

POSEBNE DOKAZNE RADNJE U BALTIČKIM ZEMLJAMA

The authors in this paper deal with special investigative actions in Baltic countries. Special investigative measures today represent one of the most important measures in the fight against serious criminal offences, but its improper use endangers fundamental human rights, especially the right to privacy and the right to a fair trial. The article is divided into three main parts. After the introductory remarks, the authors elaborate the Lithuanian criminal procedure legislation, which influenced development of the European Court of Human Rights’s jurisprudence in the field of the undercover investigator. Latvian solutions are explained in the next part and its main characteristic are numerous special investigative measures. Finally, the authors explain Estonian legislation. The authors specifically consider and analyse the positions of the European Court of Human Rights through judgments rendered in this field. A wide range of special investigative actions indicates their diversity, but mostly the solutions of all three legal frameworks are in line with the standards of the European Court of Human Rights.U radu autori se bave posebnim dokaznim radnjama u baltičkim zemljama. Posebne dokazne radnje danas predstavljaju jednu od nezaobilaznih dokaznih mera u istragama teških krivičnih dela. Istovremeno, posebne dokazne radnje znatno više zadiru u ljudska prava u poređenju sa drugim, redovnim dokaznim radnjama. Njihova nepravilna upotreba ugrožava ljudska prava, a naročito pravo na privatnost i pravo na pravično suđenje. Rad je podeljen na tri dela. Nakon uvodnih razmatranja autori objašnjavaju litvansko zakonodavstvo, koje je u značajnoj meri uticalo na razvoj judikature Evropskog suda za ljudska prava u području prikrivenog islednika. Letonsko zakonodavstvo je obrađeno u drugom delu, a karakteriše ga veći broj posebnih dokaznih radnji. Na kraju, autori razrađuju zakonodavstvo Estonije u pogledu posebnih dokaznih radnji i daju zaključna razmatranja. Autori naročito ističu stavove Evropskog suda za ljudska prava koji su na ovom polju doneti protiv baltičkih zemalja. Širok dijapazon posebnih dokaznih radnji ukazuje na njihovu različitost, ali se može izvesti zaključak da su zakonski tekstovi pretežno u skladu sa standardima Evropskog suda za ljudska prava

Sources of solar energy as factors of sustainable development

The focus of this paper is solar energy as one of the renewable energy sources. When viewed historically, our society has always had a problem with the consequences of irrational use of resources left behind. For this reason, and at this stage of civilization development, renewable energy sources need to be widely used, because the reserves of non-renewable sources are being exploited greatly, while the level of pollution is reaching a critical point. Renewable sources are not new, their use was recorded even at the earliest stages of the development of human society, and this was mostly related to the use of solar energy. The today's modern technology and development allow for the multiple use of solar sources. Encouraging greater use of renewable energy sources is a topical issue in all developed countries, and the reasons for this are numerous, ranging from economic ones to those relating to the reduction of the greenhouse effect. However, the precondition is the fundamental change in the consciousness of people. Man is an inseparable part of nature; any change or disturbance of balance in the nature directly affects not only the human life, but the existence of life on the Earth, in general