994 research outputs found
What is the Mass of a Gap-Opening Planet?
High contrast imaging instruments such as GPI and SPHERE are discovering gap
structures in protoplanetary disks at an ever faster pace. Some of these gaps
may be opened by planets forming in the disks. In order to constrain planet
formation models using disk observations, it is crucial to find a robust way to
quantitatively back out the properties of the gap-opening planets, in
particular their masses, from the observed gap properties, such as their depths
and widths. Combing 2D and 3D hydrodynamics simulations with 3D radiative
transfer simulations, we investigate the morphology of planet-opened gaps in
near-infrared scattered light images. Quantitatively, we obtain correlations
that directly link intrinsic gap depths and widths in the gas surface density
to observed depths and widths in images of disks at modest inclinations under
finite angular resolution. Subsequently, the properties of the surface density
gaps enable us to derive the disk scale height at the location of the gap ,
and to constrain the quantity , where is the
mass of the gap-opening planet and characterizes the viscosity in the
gap. As examples, we examine the gaps recently imaged by VLT/SPHERE,
Gemini/GPI, and Subaru/HiCIAO in HD 97048, TW Hya, HD 169142, LkCa 15, and RX
J1615.3-3255. Scale heights of the disks and possible masses of the gap-opening
planets are derived assuming each gap is opened by a single planet. Assuming
, the derived planet mass in all cases are roughly between
0.1-1 .Comment: 40 pages (single column), 14 figures, 2 tables, ApJ publishe
Quantum Dynamical Phase Transition in a Spin-Orbit Coupled Bose Condensate
Spin-orbit coupled bosons can exhibit rich equilibrium phases at low
temperature and in the presence of particle-particle interactions. In the case
with a 1D synthetic spin-orbit interaction, it has been observed that the
ground state of a Bose gas can be a normal phase, stripe phase, or magnetized
phase in different experimentally controllable parameter regimes. The
magnetized states are doubly degenerate and consist of a many-particle
two-state system. In this work, we investigate the nonequilibrium quantum
dynamics by switching on an external perturbation to induce resonant couplings
between the magnetized phases, and predict the novel quantum spin dynamics
which cannot be obtained in the single-particle systems. In particular, due to
particle-particle interactions, the transition of the Bose condensate from one
magnetized phase to the other is forbidden when the strength of external
perturbation is less than a critical value, and a full transition can occur
only when the perturbation exceeds such critical strength. This phenomenon
manifests itself a quantum dynamical phase transition, with the critical point
behavior being exactly solvable. From the numerical simulations and exact
analytic studies we show that the predicted many-body effects can be well
observed with the current experiments.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, plus supplementary materia
Inner Super-Earths, Outer Gas Giants: How Pebble Isolation and Migration Feedback Keep Jupiters Cold
The majority of gas giants (planets of masses ) are
found to reside at distances beyond au from their host stars. Within 1
au, the planetary population is dominated by super-Earths of .
We show that this dichotomy between inner super-Earths and outer gas giants can
be naturally explained should they form in nearly inviscid disks. In laminar
disks, a planet can more easily repel disk gas away from its orbit. The
feedback torque from the pile-up of gas inside the planet's orbit slows down
and eventually halts migration. A pressure bump outside the planet's orbit
traps pebbles and solids, starving the core. Gas giants are born cold and stay
cold: more massive cores are preferentially formed at larger distances, and
they barely migrate under disk feedback. We demonstrate this using 2D
hydrodynamical simulations of disk-planet interaction lasting up to
years: we track planet migration and pebble accretion until both come to an end
by disk feedback. Whether cores undergo runaway gas accretion to become gas
giants or not is determined by computing 1D gas accretion models. Our
simulations show that in an inviscid minimum mass solar nebula, gas giants do
not form inside 0.5 au, nor can they migrate there while the disk is
present. We also explore the dependence on disk mass, and find that gas giants
form further out in less massive disks.Comment: Accepted to Ap
- β¦