Perancangan Peraga LED Terprogram Berbasis Mikrokontroler AT89C52

Dengan tersedianya mikrokontroler yang memiliki berbagai fasilitas serta murahnya harga PC yang ditawarkan, maka peluang untuk merancang peralatan pengendalian LED untuk berbagai keperluan menjadi sangat terbuka. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah merancang dan menguji peraga LED terprogram berbasis mikrokontroler AT89C52. Alat penampil LED matrik dirancang data-nya bisa dimasukan secara otomatis, sehingga LED dapat menampilkan data dengan segera. Perancangan sistem penampil LED matrik yang dibuat meliputi dua bagian utama yaitu bagian perangkat keras dan bagian perangkat lunak. Perangkat keras meliputi mikrokontroler AT89C52 sebagai pusat pengontrol, penggerak kolom dan penggerak baris serta LED matrik untuk menampilkan data. Perangkat lunak meliputi bahasa mesin mikrokontroler dan untuk berhubungan dengan PC menggunakan Borland Delphi. Pengujian dilakukan dengan membandingkan tampilan LED matrik dengan data masukan dari PC. Alat ini dapat mengendalikan dan menampilkan LED sesuai data yang diberikan. LED matrik dapat menampilkan empat baris teks yang masing-masing baris maksimal enam karakter, gambar serta animasi running text (teks berjalan)

Potential distribution of truly wild <i>G. hirsutum</i> in South America.

<p>Distribution as extrapolated from the climate model presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107458#pone-0107458-g001" target="_blank">Figures 1C</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107458#pone-0107458-g002" target="_blank">2</a>.</p

STRUCTURE plot of 111 perennial cottons of <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> with K = 3 clusters.

<p>The y-axis shows the proportion membership to the cluster (three clusters depicted in light purple, deep purple and red). Each horizontal bar represents a single accession. The accessions are arranged according to their domestication status and, for feral accessions, their racial assignation, and then alphabetically per country of origin. Fourteen questionable cases (membership to cluster <33%) are indicated with their ‘W’ accession numbers as detailed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107458#pone.0107458.s005" target="_blank">Table S1</a> (see also comments in the main text). Within cluster ‘feral cotton/punctatum’, MO, RI, PA, and Var refer to ‘morrilli’, ‘richmondi’, ‘palmeri’ and modern cultivar, respectively.</p

Distribution and climate model of perennial forms of <i>G. hirsutum</i> in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean.

<p><b>A.</b> Distribution of 954 categorized datapoints for perennial forms of <i>G. hirsutum</i> in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean ‘truly wild’ (TWC) specimens/populations are represented by red dots, ‘wild/feral’ by purple dots, ‘feral’ (disturbed habitats) by blue dots, ‘cultivated’ by brown triangles, and unclassified plants by grey triangles. <b>B.</b> Climate model for distribution of both cultivated and spontaneous <i>G. hirsutum</i> in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean (complete set as presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107458#pone-0107458-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1A</a>). Climate suitability is indicated by background color from unfavorable (no color) to marginal (dark green) or increasingly favorable (light green and warmer colors). <b>C.</b> Localization of the populations from categories TWC and ‘wild/feral’ and climate model for TWC populations. Red dots represent the datapoints used for the distribution model (TWC populations), whereas purple dots represent ‘wild/feral’ populations of uncertain status (truly or secondarily wild). Climate suitability is indicated as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107458#pone-0107458-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1B</a>. Three dotted frames refer to map limits as magnified in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107458#pone-0107458-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>.</p

Repartition among races of <i>G. hirsutum</i> of the 110 selected accessions per country of origin and type/race (Nota: 9 locations had both ‘truly wild’ (TWC) and feral specimens).

<p>Races are referred as MG for ‘Marie-Galante’, MO for ‘morrilli’, PA for ‘palmeri’, PU for ‘punctatum’, RI for ‘richmondi’, unk for ‘unknown’. TWC collectively refers to truly wild cotton populations including those of race ‘yucatanense’ from Mexico (see text).</p><p>* = also referred-to as <i>G. ekmanianum</i>,</p><p> = 8 accessions from Mexico include 7 accessions from Yucatán and one from Socorro Islands,</p>†<p> = local name “algodon brujo”,</p>‡<p> = one additional accession from Australia (FM966) as modern cultivated (total = 111),</p>¶<p> = accession initially of «unknown» race (further assigned as race ‘punctatum’).</p><p>Repartition among races of <i>G. hirsutum</i> of the 110 selected accessions per country of origin and type/race (Nota: 9 locations had both ‘truly wild’ (TWC) and feral specimens).</p

Localization of the truly wild cotton (TWC) populations and corresponding climate model.

<p>Map frames indicated as rectangles in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107458#pone-0107458-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1C</a>. Climate suitability as indicated in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107458#pone-0107458-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>. <b>A.</b> Gulf of Mexico. <b>B.</b> Florida and western Greater Antilles. <b>C.</b> Venezuela and eastern Caribbean.</p

Principal component analysis of <i>G. hirsutum</i> climatic envelope.

<p>Climate variables are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107458#pone-0107458-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>. Comparison of different subsamples in Mesoamerica, the Eastern Caribbean and Florida, according to origin (A, B) and domestication status (C, D).</p

Potential distribution of <i>G. hirsutum</i> during the Last Glacial Maximum (21,000 BP).

<p>Potential distribution of <i>G. hirsutum</i> in the Caribbean and in the Gulf of Mexico, extrapolated according to the MIROC climatic model for LGM. (Note that sea level differences at LGM explain variation with modern sea shore delimitation).</p

Principal component analysis (Varimax normalized rotation) on a set of bioclimatic variables retained for their contribution to the Maxent ecoclimatic model of distribution: factor loadings (values higher than 0.70 in bold characters).

<p>Principal component analysis (Varimax normalized rotation) on a set of bioclimatic variables retained for their contribution to the Maxent ecoclimatic model of distribution: factor loadings (values higher than 0.70 in bold characters).</p

Principal coordinates analysis (PCA) on SSR data in truly wild (TWC) and feral <i>G. hirsutum</i>.

<p>PCA based on the similarity matrix for 26 SSR markers and 111 accessions represented according to their racial assignation. Factor 1 separates TWC from feral cottons and Factor 2 separates race ‘Marie-Galante’ from other feral cottons.</p