Distribution of scores assigned before reading the definition of surgical site infection, on a 7-point Likert scale, in each of the seven specialties.

<p>SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; min, minimum; max, maximum.</p>*<p>Number of vignettes scored (20 vignettes were scored twice for each specialty).</p>**<p>missing values due a computer assignment glitch.</p

Assessment of surgical site infection (SSI) diagnosis for 40 vignettes (20 cardiac surgery cases and 20 gastrointestinal surgery cases) developed based on real patients in three French university hospitals.

*<p>Number of vignettes scored (for intraspecialty 20 vignettes were scored twice and for interspecialty 34 vignettes were scored 7 times).</p>**<p>missing values due a computer assignment glitch.</p

The main characteristics of the study groups.

<p>The main characteristics of the study groups.</p

Influenza strains distribution among main study groups.

<p>Influenza strains distribution among main study groups.</p

Frequency of severity criteria as a function of influenza results.

<p>Frequency of severity criteria as a function of influenza results.</p

Study flowchart.

<p>Study flowchart.</p

Impact of influenza-positive virological samples on final disposition decision.

<p>Impact of influenza-positive virological samples on final disposition decision.</p

Considerations for de-escalating universal masking in healthcare centers

Three years after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, better knowledge on the transmission of respiratory viral infections (RVI) including the contribution of asymptomatic infections encouraged most healthcare centers to implement universal masking. The evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology and improved immunization of the population call for the infection and prevention control community to revisit the masking strategy in healthcare. In this narrative review, we consider factors for de-escalating universal masking in healthcare centers, addressing compliance with the mask policy, local epidemiology, the level of protection provided by medical face masks, the consequences of absenteeism and presenteeism, as well as logistics, costs, and ecological impact. Most current national and international guidelines for mask use are based on the level of community transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Actions are now required to refine future recommendations, such as establishing a list of the most relevant RVI to consider, implement reliable local RVI surveillance, and define thresholds for activating masking strategies. Considering the epidemiological context (measured via sentinel networks or wastewater analysis), and, if not available, considering a time period (winter season) may guide to three gradual levels of masking: (i) standard and transmission-based precautions and respiratory etiquette, (ii) systematic face mask wearing when in direct contact with patients, and (iii) universal masking. Cost-effectiveness analysis of the different strategies is warranted in the coming years. Masking is just one element to be considered along with other preventive measures such as staff and patient immunization, and efficient ventilation

Comparison of ITS, beta-tubulin and actin sequences of clinical isolates of <i>Aspergillus</i> and isolates of the same species collected from the environment.

<p>Results are expressed in number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (or deletion when indicated), compared with the sequence of the clinical isolate</p><p>*Deletion of one nucleotide; D: sequence with more than three single nucleotide polymorphisms; ND: not determined</p><p>Comparison of ITS, beta-tubulin and actin sequences of clinical isolates of <i>Aspergillus</i> and isolates of the same species collected from the environment.</p

Non-homogeneous Semi-Markov Chain simulation from observed data (CLEAN)–simulated global patient—ICU-time horizon: 100 days.

<p>Non-homogeneous Semi-Markov Chain simulation from observed data (CLEAN)–simulated global patient—ICU-time horizon: 100 days.</p