Les Ordres religieux du Moyen Age : des organisations fermées ? Le cas de Cluny

Diverses théories postulent que les organisations anciennes sont plus « autosuffisantes », plus « fermées » que les organisations contemporaines. Cet article prend le contre-pied de ces affirmations en montrant que l’ordre de Cluny, durant les premiers siècles de son existence (Xe-XIIe siècle), entretient des rapports étroits avec son environnement. Plus précisément, en nous situant dans le cadre de la ressource dépendance perspective, nous montrons que Cluny a besoin de ressources diverses – ressources immobilières, financières et humaines – et qu’il met en place des moyens très diversifiés pour les acquérir et en garder le contrôle. Ces moyens sont de trois ordres : 1) des relations personnelles avec des acteurs clé de l’environnement, 2) l’usage du langage et des symboles et 3) des règles et des structures formelles. Sur plusieurs points, les rapports que Cluny entretient avec son environnement présentent des similarités avec ce qu’on observe dans certaines organisations contemporaines.Various theories assume that ancient organizations are more « self-contained », more « closed » that contemporary organizations. This article takes the opposite point of view. It shows that the monastic ordrer of Cluny has close relationship with its environment during the first centuries of his existence (10th-12th centuries). More precisely, from the resource dependance perspective, we argue that Cluny needs different resources – real estate, financial and human – and uses several means to obtain them and hold control over them. These means are of three types : 1) personal relationships with key stakeholders from the environement, 2) language and symbols and 3) rules and formal structures. In several ways, relationships between Cluny and its environment are similar to what we observe in some contemporary organizations.Diversas teorías postulan que las organizaciones antiguas son más « autosuficientes », más « cerradas » que las organizaciones contemporáneas. El presente artículo adopta una posición contraria a dichas afirmaciones a través de la demostración del hecho que la orden de Cluny mantiene relaciones estrechas con su entorno durante los primeros siglos de su existencia (Siglos Xo-XIIo). Más exactamente, y con el fin de situarnos en el marco de la resource dependance perspective, mostramos que Cluny tiene necesidad de recursos diversos – recursos inmobiliarios, financieros y humanos – y que despliega medios muy diversificados con el fin de adquirir y mantener el control. Dichos medios son de tres tipos : 1) Relaciones personales con actores claves del entorno, 2) el uso del lenguaje et de los símbolos y 3) reglas y estructuras formales. Las relaciones que Cluny mantiene con su entorno presentan, en varios aspectos, similitudes con lo que se puede observar en ciertas organizaciones contemporáneas

When Commitments Conflict: Making Ethical Decisions Like a Funambulist

Given the complexity of organizations, individuals nowadays are handling an increasing number of commitments. When these commitments conflict, they can turn into ethical dilemmas. However, little is known about how individuals make ethical decisions in the face of such conflicting commitments. We investigated this issue within the context of executive coaching since coaches often interact with multiple stakeholders as part of their assignments. We conducted 37 semi-structured interviews using the critical incident technique, i.e., by asking executive coaches to share a situation that was ethically challenging for them. Based on our study, we derive the metaphor of funambulism to depict how individuals make decisions in the case of conflicting commitments. By building on the systemic framework, we show that executive coaches manage an equilibrium \u201calong the way\u201d through an emergent system of practices, which involves making adjustments that can maintain or restore their system\u2019s equilibrium (i.e., compatibility between commitments). This contribution alludes to the dynamic and constructed nature of ethics

Les évolutions des exploitations agricoles bios

Cette contribution porte sur un échantillon de 28 agriculteurs bio interrogés à deux reprises : en 2002 et 2011. Elle cherche à comprendre l’évolution de leurs exploitations entre ces deux dates en recourant, à titre principal, à la Resource Dependance Theory de Pfeffer et Salancik. Les dépendances que l’on relève aux deux moments frappent par leur variété et leur instabilité. Elles ne s’expliquent que très partiellement par les hypothèses macrosociologiques de la conventionnalisation et de l’institutionnalisation du bio. En revanche, elles se comprennent si l’on prend en compte, à un niveau plus microsociologique, les stratégies que les entreprises développent pour les éviter, les absorber, les contourner ou encore les assumer.This article focuses on a sample of 28 organic farmers interviewed twice: in 2002 and 2011. It seeks to understand the changes of their farms between these two periods using, primarily, the Resource Dependance Theory of Pfeffer and Salancik. Dependencies observed in both times strike by their variety and instability. They can only partially be explained by the macro-level assumptions of institutionalization and conventianalization of organic farming. However, we understand them if we take into account, at a more micro-sociological level, the strategies that the companies develop to avoid, absorb, pass round or assume these dependances

Increased IL-6 and TGF-beta(1) concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid associated with thoracic radiotherapy

peer reviewedaudience: researcherPURPOSE: To assess, in lung cancer patients, the effects of thoracic radiotherapy (RT) on the concentrations of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eleven patients with lung cancer requiring RT as part of their treatment were studied. BAL was performed bilaterally before, during, and 1, 3, and 6 months after RT. Before each BAL session, the patient's status was assessed clinically using pulmonary function tests and an adapted late effects on normal tissue-subjective, objective, management, analytic (LENT-SOMA) scale, including subjective and objective alterations. The National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria were used to grade pneumonitis. The TGF-beta(1) and IL-6 levels in the BAL fluid were determined using the Easia kit. RESULTS: The TGF-beta(1) and IL-6 concentrations in the BAL fluid recovered from the irradiated areas were significantly increased by thoracic RT. The increase in TGF-beta(1) levels tended to be greater in the group of patients who developed severe pneumonitis. In the BAL fluid from the nonirradiated areas, the TGF-beta(1) and IL-6 concentrations remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: The observed increase in TGF-beta(1) and IL-6 concentrations in the BAL fluid recovered from the irradiated lung areas demonstrated that these cytokines may contribute to the process leading to a radiation response in human lung tissue

Single and combined impacts of irradiation and surgery on lymphatic vasculature and fibrosis associated to secondary lymphedema

peer reviewedLymphedema (LD) refers to a condition of lymphatic dysfunction associated with excessive fluid accumulation, fibroadipose tissue deposition and swelling. In industrialized countries, LD development mainly results from a local disruption of the lymphatic network by an infection or cancer-related surgery (secondary LD). In the absence of efficient therapy, animal models are needed to decipher the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying LD and test putative drugs. In this study, we optimized and characterized a murine model of LD that combines an irradiation of the mice hind limb and a radical surgery (lymph node resection associated to lymphatic vessel ligation). We investigated the respective roles of irradiation and surgery in LD formation by comparing their impacts, alone or in combination (with different intervention sequences), on eight different features of the pathology: swelling (paw thickness), indocyanine green (ICG) clearance, lymphatic vasculature remodeling, epidermal and dermal thickening, adipocyte accumulation, inflammatory cell infiltration and collagen deposition. This study supports the importance of radiation prior to surgery to experimentally induce a rapid, severe and sustained tissue remodeling harboring the different hallmarks of LD. We provide the first experimental evidence for an excessive deposition of periostin (POSTN) and tenascin-C (TNC) in LD. Through a computerized method of digital image quantification, we established the spatial map of lymphatic expansion, as well as collagen, POSTN and TNC deposition in papillary and reticular dermis of lymphedematous skins. This mouse model is available to study the patho-physiology of LD and test potential therapeutic targets

Psychological distress among hospital caregivers during and after the first wave of COVID-19: Individual factors involved in the severity of symptoms expression

Coronavirus disease 2019 has spread rapidly over the globe and has put an unprecedent psychological pressure on health care workers (HCWs). The present study aimed at quantifying the psychological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on HCWs during and after the first wave and identify sociodemographic, situational, and psychological risk/protective factors for symptoms severity. An online survey was sent by e-mail to all nurses and physicians employed by a teaching hospital in Brussels, Belgium. 542 (20,62%) completed the survey. 47%, 55%, 32% and 52% of participants reported posttraumatic stress, anxiety, depression and insomnia symptoms, respectively, during the peak. Two to three months later, posttraumatic symptoms emerged de novo in 54% of HCWs. It persisted in 89% of those presenting severe symptoms initially. Neuroticism was the strongest predictor of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and insomnia. Work overload was the strongest predictor of depression and second predictor of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and insomnia. Other significant predictors included being a nurse, the number of past traumatic experiences, avoidant coping style, and expressive suppression of emotion

How I treat... nasal reconstruction

peer reviewedLes pertes de substance sont une pathologie fréquente en chirurgie plastique, principalement après l'exérèse de cancer de la peau. Les résultats de la reconstruction nasale doivent répondre à des exigences esthétiques et fonctionnelles élevées. Une analyse minutieuse de la perte de substance est impérative pour évaluer les déficits anatomiques et esthétiques. Toute perte osseuse, cartilagineuse ou de la muqueuse doit être restaurée. Les lambeaux locaux permettent de couvrir les pertes de substances limitées. Le lambeau frontal est le lambeau de référence pour les plaies complexes