Health and budget impact of combined HIV prevention : first results of the BELHIVPREV model

Objectives: We developed a pragmatic modelling approach to estimate the impact of treatment as prevention (TasP); outreach testing strategies; and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) on the epidemiology of HIV and its associated pharmaceutical expenses. Methods: Our model estimates the incremental health (in terms of new HIV diagnoses) and budget impact of two prevention scenarios (outreach+TasP and outreach+TasP+PrEP) against a 'no additional prevention' scenario. Model parameters were estimated from reported Belgian epidemiology and literature data. The analysis was performed from a healthcare payer perspective with a 15-year-time horizon. It considers subpopulation differences, HIV infections diagnosed in Belgium having occurred prior to migration, and the effects of an ageing HIV population. Results: Without additional prevention measures, the annual number of new HIV diagnoses rises to over 1350 new diagnoses in 2030 as compared to baseline, resulting in a budget expenditure of (sic)260.5 million. Implementation of outreach+TasP and outreach+TasP+PrEP results in a decrease in the number of new HIV diagnoses to 865 and 663 per year, respectively. Respective budget impacts decrease by (sic)20.6 million and (sic)33.7 million. Conclusion: Foregoing additional investments in prevention is not an option. An approach combining TasP, outreach and PrEP is most effective in reducing the number of new HIV diagnoses and the HIV treatment budget. Our model is the first pragmatic HIV model in Belgium estimating the consequences of a combined preventive approach on the HIV epidemiology and its economic burden assuming other prevention efforts such as condom use and harm reduction strategies remain the same

Next-generation sequencing: what are the needs in routine clinical microbiology? A survey among clinicians involved in infectious diseases practice

BackgroundThe translation of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) from research to clinical microbiology is increasing rapidly, but its integration into routine clinical care struggles to catch-up. A challenge for clinical laboratories is that the substantial investments made in the required technologies and resources must meet both current and forthcoming needs.MethodsTo get a clinical perspective of these needs, we have sent a survey to infectious diseases clinicians of five hospitals, covering the following topics: NGS knowledge, expected syndromes and patients foreseen to benefit from NGS, and expected impact on antimicrobial prescription.ResultsAccording to clinicians, benefits of NGS are mostly expected in neurological and respiratory infections diagnostics.ConclusionA better dialog between microbiologists and clinicians about hopes and limits of NGS in microbiology may help identifying key investments needed for clinical laboratories, today and tomorrow

Factors associated with the continuum of care of HIV infected patients in Belgium

BREACHinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Distinct antibody repertoires against endemic human coronaviruses in children and adults.

Four endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are commonly associated with acute respiratory infection in humans. B cell responses to these "common cold" viruses remain incompletely understood. Here we report a comprehensive analysis of CoV-specific antibody repertoires in 231 children and 1168 adults using phage-immunoprecipitation sequencing. Seroprevalence of antibodies to endemic HCoVs ranged between ~4 and 27% depending on the species and cohort. We identified at least 136 novel linear B cell epitopes. Antibody repertoires against endemic HCoVs were qualitatively different between children and adults in that anti-HCoV IgG specificities more frequently found among children targeted functionally important and structurally conserved regions of the spike, nucleocapsid and matrix proteins. Moreover, antibody specificities targeting the highly conserved fusion peptide region and S2' cleavage site of the spike protein were broadly cross-reactive with peptides of epidemic human and non-human coronaviruses. In contrast, an acidic tandem repeat in the N-terminal region of the Nsp3 subdomain of the HCoV-HKU1 polyprotein was the predominant target of antibody responses in adult donors. Our findings shed light on the dominant species-specific and pan-CoV target sites of human antibody responses to coronavirus infection, thereby providing important insights for the development of prophylactic or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and vaccine design.This work was supported in part by a grant from the Qatar National Research Fund (PPM1-1220-150017) and funds from Sidra Medicine. I Meyts is a Senior Clinical Investigator at the Research Foundation — Flanders and is supported by the CSL Behring Chair of Primary Immunodeficiencies; by the KU Leuven C1 grant C16/18/007; by a VIB GC PID grant; by FWO grants G0C8517N, G0B5120N, and G0E8420N; and by the Jeffrey Modell Foundation. The ULB Center of Human Genetics is supported by the Fonds Erasme

Cent scientifiques répliquent à SEA (Suppression des Expériences sur l’Animal vivant) et dénoncent sa désinformation

La lutte contre la maltraitance animale est sans conteste une cause moralement juste. Mais elle ne justifie en rien la désinformation à laquelle certaines associations qui s’en réclament ont recours pour remettre en question l’usage de l’expérimentation animale en recherche

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Etude du profil d'expression génique de tumeurs thyroïdiennes développées par différents modèles de souris transgéniques

Les tumeurs thyroïdiennes représentent les tumeurs endocrines les plus fréquentes. Parmi ces tumeurs les adénomes autonomes sont des tumeurs bénignes se développant secondairement à l’activation constitutive de la voie de l’AMPc. Cette activation est secondaire à des mutations somatiques survenant à différents niveaux de la cascade de signalisation induite par l’activation du récepteur TSH. La pathologie thyroïdienne maligne est essentiellement représentée par les carcinomes papillaires de la thyroïde pour lesquelles de nombreuses modifications génétiques ont été décrites, les plus fréquentes étant les réarrangements impliquant la tyrosine kinase Ret. Différents modèles de souris transgéniques ont été développés et représentent d’excellents outils pour étudier in vivo l’expression génique secondaire aux mutations initiales. Nous avons choisis d’utiliser la technologie des microarrays pour analyser simultanément l’expression de milliers de gènes dans différents modèles de souris transgéniques développant des pathologies thyroïdiennes bénignes et malignes .Au cours de cette thèse de doctorat, nous avons déterminé à l’aide de microarrays le profil d’expression génique de souris exprimant à la surface des cellules thyroïdiennes de manière spécifique le récepteur A2a de l’adénosine, ce qui mène à l’activation constitutive de la voie de l’AMPc et au développement d’une hyperthyroïdie sévère associée à un énorme goitre. Cette étude nous a permis d’identifier des gènes dont le rôle potentiel dans le développement de tumeur bénigne était jusqu’à lors inconnu. Nous avons également comparé deux modèles murins développant des tumeurs malignes de la thyroïde. D’une part les souris exprimant le réarrangement Ret/PTC3, très commun dans les carcinomes papillaires de la thyroïdes issus de la première vague de cancer survenu après la catastrophe de Chernobyl, d’autre part les souris exprimant l’oncoprotéine E7 dérivée de l’HPV16 responsable du cancer du col de l’utérus. Les différences et les similarités entre ces deux lignées et différentes pathologie humaine ont été décrites.La PCR quantitative en temps réel a été utilisé pour confirmer et quantifier la différence d’expression des gènes d’intérêts entre les thyroïdes de souris contrôles de même souche et les thyroïdes issues de souris transgéniques. La PCR en temps réel permet de monitorer à l’aide d’un signal fluorescent émis lors de l’hydrolyse d’une sonde, la quantité d’amplicons produite dans la réaction. La courbe d’amplification se caractérise par une phase exponentielle, suivie par une phase non exponentielle se terminant par un plateau. Contrairement aux idées reçues, nous avons pu démontrer que le plateau était expliqué par la déplétion de la sonde hydrolysée par la Taq polymérase lors de la réaction d’amplification. Dès lors que l’hydrolyse de la sonde reflète quantitativement la synthèse d’amplicons, la fluorescence produite dans la phase exponentielle de la réaction reflète la concentration des amplicons produits. Nous avons donc, sur base de ces observations pu estimer la quantité d’ADN complémentaire engagé dans la réaction en se basant directement sur les données de fluorescence d’une seule courbe de PCR en temps réel sans passer par une courbe de calibration utilisant une quantité connue d’ADN complémentaire.Doctorat en Sciences médicalesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Histological analysis of limb defects induced in developing limb buds of NMRI mouse embryos after oral administration of 3-3-dimethyl-1-phenyltriazene (DMPT) to their mother on day 10 of gestation

A single oral dose of DMPT was given to pregnant NMRI mice on day 10 of gestation and the subsequent histological changes were studied in serial sections of affected limb buds isolated from 13-, 12- and 11-day treated embryos. Differences in abnormal skeletal patterns observed between fore- and hindlimb buds as well as between embryos from different litters provided clear evidence that the teratogen hits preferentially undifferentiated preskeletal mesoderm just before blastema formation. Absence or severe reduction of skeletal rudiments characterizes selectively the girdle and stylopod of hindlimbs and the zeugopod and autopod in forelimbs. In embryos slightly more advanced at the time of drug administration, the defects shifted in the zeugopod and distal segment of the posterior limb and in the distal segment only of the anterior limbs. In all cases, defects in the two distal segments displayed a postaxial predominance. Extensive cell death detected in the undifferentiated mesoderm of the affected limb parts of 11-day embryos similarly exhibited a postaxial predominance with the maximal damage in the ZPA territory. Together with the regular genesis of a postaxial subectodermal bleb in that area, followed by local involution of the AER, this observation strongly suggests that the teratogenic injury might involve an early impairment of ZPA and AER properties. In addition, predictive signs of hyperphalangy of digit I and distal duplication of the IId to e could be correlated with a transient reactional hyperplasia restricted to the preaxial part of the AER.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Teratogenic effects of methyl triazene in NMRI mouse embryos: preliminary observations

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe