Antisymmetry and word order in double object constructions in Zarma

Double Object Construction in Zarma sometimes allows alternations in the order of its internal arguments and the order in some cases may also be fixed. This tendency does not make predictions about a canonical order for the occurrence of Theme and Recipient objects within the VP simple. The same condition applies to monotransitive structures which vary between a complement-head and a head-complement order. It is the aim of this paper to present and analyse the most salient features of the kind of variations found in Zarma word order, particularly the ones associated with the verb that encodes three-participant events. The paper adopts the minimalist program proposed by Chomsky and is complemented with the Antisymmetry Hypothesis proposed by Kayne (1994). The study shows that the language has a uniform linear order where the recipient canonically precedes the theme on the basis of animacy factor. This is particularly common with the pronoun as the recipient in double object structures. Employing different diagnostics, the paper concludes that the recipient only follows the theme when the theme is associated with a more prominent discourse status. It is also argued that asymmetric C-command always occurs between the theme and the recipient. It implies that the language symmetry is altered by movement to designated positions for the purpose of feature checking

Characterization from Geochemical Analysis of Ditch-Cuttings from Agbada Formation, Warri North Area, Southern Niger Delta, Nigeria

Recoverable ditch cuttings from a well in OML 40 in the Warri North area of Southern Niger Delta were subjected to geochemical analysis to determine the TOC and SOM values. The TOC values varied from 1.70w% - 1.90w% with an average of 1.76w%, while the SOM values ranged from 0.019% - 2.85% with an average of 0.562%. The above results show that the TOC values fall above the minimum threshold for hydrocarbon generation potential. The minimum threshold value for TOC in the Niger Delta is 0.5%. The average SOM value of 0.562% is also indicative of good source rock potential for the studied samples. The transformation ratio which serves as a quantitative analysis to determine the level of maturity shows an average value of 0.29 against the minimum threshold value of 0.16. Therefore, it can be implied that the sediments from the studied depth slice can be regarded as good source rock for hydrocarbon generation. Keywords: Geochemical, hydrocarbon, maturity, threshold

Definiteness in the Zarma determiner phrase

Adjectives in definite Determiner Phrases of Zarma, a Nilo-Saharan language trigger an additional (suffixed/base-merged) lexical determiner; in the event of adjectives modifying nouns, definite determiners can occur with either the nouns or the adjectives or both. In all of these cases, no different readings obtain. Structured interviews were conducted with Zarma native speakers to collect the data for this study. I analyse the phenomenon as a case of definite determiner doubling which does not bear on any form of agreement relations. I further suggest that definite determiner and its subsets – numeral, demonstrative, and quantifier do not overlap. However, each of these can occur alongside adjectives within the DP. Consequently, I consider the adjective as an exponent of the adjunct category. Based on Abney’s DP-Hypothesis and the restrictive theory of the Minimalist Program, the paper argues that the asymmetry in the surface realizations of elements/constituents within the Zarma DP is the effect of movement

Content Questions in Zarma

While attempts to account for the internal structure of wh-question constructions have been on for several decades, very little or no information is available on Zarma. Relying on minimalist program model, this paper investigates the syntax of Zarma wh-questions. It identifies the items employed as wh-words and shows the strategies involved in the derivation of wh-question constructions in the language. It argues that wh-in-situ strategy is not allowed in the language and that Zarma wh-questions have a covert head. The use of mótè in a question type without the focus marker nò is recognised as a pseudo-wh-question. The structure of wh-question furthermore shows that an economy principle is at work when Zarma wh-words move from the embedded clause to the initial position of the main clause

Clause Structure and Word Order in Ákè

Ákè is by historical and linguistic facts a dialect of Edo which has not received significant linguistic attention. This neglect informs an inquiry into the in ternal structure and organization of its basic clause. This paper studies data of everyday usage of competent speakers of Ákè and argues that it displays a subject-verb-object order. The study provides a not too elaborate description of the nominal and verbal constructions in Ákè and reduces the description to analysis using the X-bar theory as conceived within the Minimalist Program. It therefore states that nominal phrases can be analysed as a projection of Determiner Phrase (DP) because independent existence is not a requirement for considering an element as the head of a projection. The variable position which the head D occupies in the superficial syntax of Ákè is analysed as the effect of movement for feature checking. In the spirit of the Minimalist Program, this study recognizes the head of the clause as Tense (T), which could be overt or null and predicts that it dominates Negative Phrase (NegP) as Neg is assumed to c-select the Verb Phrase (VP). &nbsp

Kaizen Cost Management Technique and Profitability of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) in Ogun State, Nigeria

The study examines the relationship that exists between Kaizen cost management technique and profitability of small and medium scale enterprise in Ogun State, Nigeria. It evaluates the nature of Kaizen cost management technique and how it can be adopted to reduce and control operational costs of SMEs. The study adopted primary data and a sample of 269 respondents consisting of small and medium scale enterprises were purposively chosen from Agro-allied, confectionery, general trading and transport business in Ogun State Nigeria. The study population comprised 2,685 enterprises obtained through a preliminary survey of SMEs in the three senatorial districts of Ogun States namely Ogun West, Ogun East, Ogun Central. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit information on relevant variables from respondents. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was adopted to analyze the questionnaire. The result of statistical test of hypothesis shows that there is a significant relationship between Kaizen cost management technique and profitability of SMEs. A further test of significant relationship between cost components and profitability of SMEs using Regression Analysis shows that only fixed cost reliably predicted the average annual profit by a factor of 0.099. Key-words-: Kaizen, cost management, technique and Profitabilit

Studies on the foliar epidermal tissues of three species of Digitaria Haller in Jos, Plateau state Nigeria

Foliar epidermal studies were carried out on Digitaria iburua Stapf, Digitaria exilis Stapf and Digitaria barbinodis Henr. with the aim of determining the patterns of variation in their epidermal characteristics and assessing the value of leaf epidermal characters in the identification of these culturally important species. Micro hairs, silica bodies, short cells, anticlinal wall pattern, epidermal cell shape and stomata index were diagonistic characters. While micro hairs were distributed on the surfaces of Digitaria exilis and Digitaria barbinodi, they were absent in Digitaria iburua. Short cells were present on the surfaces of Digitaria iburua and Digitaria barbinodis but absent on Digitaria exilis. Stomata index was smallest in Digitaria barbinodis distinguishing it from the other two species. The epidermal cell shape varied from rectangular to polygonal while the anticlinal wall pattern varied from straight to wavy in the three species. Other useful characters for distinguishing the species are epidermal cell size, stomata size and stomata number.Keywords: Digitaria iburua, microhairs, foliar, silica bodies, Digitaria exili