Complications of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy and their Management

Introduction: Increasing global prevalence of nephrolithiasis has resulted in the development of new minimally invasive techniques and has also led to the resurgence of established methods such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). This procedure is now recommended as the first option for the treatment of single large or multiple renal stones and those in the inferior calyx. This study was done to assess the complications of PCNL and their management, in our centre. Methods: Medical records of 144 patients who underwent PCNL at Lumbini Medical College Teaching Hospital, during the last one year were reviewed. The demographic data, size, tract number and location of the calculi, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated. The various parameters of the calculi were evaluated. Descriptive analysis with frequencies was done. Results: Complications occurred in 13 (9.02%) patients. Post operative bleeding occurred in seven (4.8%) patients, out of which one patient developed pseudoaneurysms and the other developed arteriovenous fistula. One patient developed hypovolemic shock immediately after surgery. Frequent blockage of urine, excessive drainage of urine from the drain site, hemothorax and colonic perforation was seen in one  patient each. One patient had mortality due to post operative bleeding. Complications increased with the number and size of stones and number and site of the tracts. Conclusion: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy has low complication rate in experienced hands and complications depend upon stone size, history of open stone surgery, tract number, and tract location

Wet Chemical Feasible Synthesis of PPy-Nickel Oxide nanocomposites and their photocatalytic effects on Methylene Blue

In this paper, we report, the synthesis of conducting polymer nanocomposites of nickel oxide polypyrrole (NiO-PPy) doped with dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid for its application as a photocatalyst. In-situ polymerization of the pyrrole technique was employed along with oxidant ammonium persulphate and dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid as a dopant. The nanostructures were synthesized at different concentrations of NiO nanoparticles viz. 0.05 wt.%, 0.1 wt.%, 0.2 wt.% and 0.3 wt.%. The development of nanostructures was explored by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, X-ray diffraction spectrometer, and electrical conductivity measurements. FTIR studies revealed a shift in the absorption band when pure PPy and NiO-PPy nanocomposites were studied, exhibiting the substantial interaction between the PPy network and the NiO. FE-SEM analysis demonstrated the consistent distribution of NiO with globular-shaped metal oxide materials in the PPy host template. The XRD studies for pure PPy revealed its amorphous nature while nanocomposites indicated the prominent NiO peaks arising from (111), (200) and (220) planes. The nanocomposites' direct electrical conductivity at room temperature was much higher than pure PPy. It was observed that the electrical conductivity for pure PPy was 0.409×10-5 S/cm while it substantially increased to 4.2×10-5 (S/cm) for 0.3% nanocomposite. The electrical studies revealed that the electrical conductivity goes on increasing with increased NiO concentration and then after a saturation point more PPy encapsulates the NiO and in turn reduces the electrical conductivity. With 50 mg of 0.3% nanocomposite, the photocatalytic degradation of the Methylene-Blue dye was 84.98%

A Review on Polyaniline and Its Noble Metal Composites

ABSTRACT: Good environmental stability, High degree of processability and interesting redox properties associated with its chain heteroatom, polyaniline (PANI) has been one of the most extensively studied conducting polymers during the past ten years. The present review attempts for the first time to summarize the explicit and quantitative dealings with the various intrinsic oxidation states of PANI and its synthesis, Characterizations, Development and applications of polyaniline derivatives that have been made during the past decade. The paper includes the advantages of some selected studies carried out on polyaniline and polyaniline Nobel metal composites and the superiority of Polyaniline. Details are provided of the different methods used for the synthesis of PANI along with mechanisms, theoretical studies and number of special methods used to obtain a nanostructured PANI. A detailed discussion on the mechanism of electrical conduction in PANI and the factors those influence the conductivity of PANI is also included. Finally, the progress towards technological applications is evaluated