Wages determinants in the European Union Evidence from structure of earnings survey (SES 2014) data : 2020 edition

El ISSN y el ISBN corresponden a la versión electrónica del documentoSince the turn of the millennium, the European Commission (Eurostat) has published detailed and harmonized information on the nominal wages paid by the employers to their employees. This information, collected with the support of the European Statistical System, provides important insights into the labour market situation of the different Member States of the European Union. For employers, wages represent an important part of the production costs and determine to some extent their cost competitiveness. For most employees, wages make the main part of their income thereby contributing to their economic welfare. The importance of ensuring fair and transparent wages was highlighted in the European pillar of social rights (Commission, 2017) that was fully endorsed by the new Commission (van der Leyen, 2019). It is therefore important to monitor the levels and developments of wages and total labour costs at a macroeconomic level, as done by Eurostat through a complete set of annual and quarterly releases. It is equally useful to analyse how the individual job profiles and characteristics of the employer determine wage patterns in the different EU countries. This provides information on how labour markets reward the different characteristics of the job tenant and how the different types of businesses compete in terms of wages offered to their employees. By crossing job characteristics with sex, such analyses also shed light on possible gaps between the financial returns on education, part-time work etc. offered to men versus women. The study presented in this document uses the detailed information collected through the latest Structure of Earnings Survey (SES 2014) that records the gross wages received and the individual characteristics of about 240 000 enterprises and 11 million employees throughout the EU. This statistical working paper should help users to better understand the determinants of wages in the different EU countries thus contributing to the public debate and policy actions in the labour market domain

Erosional processes in rocky and sedimentary coasts

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Associations between Intra-Assessment Resting Metabolic Rate Variability and Health-Related Factors

In humans, the variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR) might be associated with health-related factors, as suggested by previous studies. This study explored whether the intra-assessment RMR variability (expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV; %)) is similar in men and women and if it is similarly associated with diverse health-related factors. The RMR of 107 young, and relatively healthy adults, was assessed using indirect calorimetry. Then, the CV for volumes of oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and resting energy expenditure (REE) were computed as indicators of intra-assessment RMR variability. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (peak VO2 uptake), circulating cardiometabolic risk factors, and heart rate and its variability (HR and HRV) were assessed. Men presented higher CVs for VO2, VCO2, and REE (all p <= 0.001) compared to women. Furthermore, in men, the intra-assessment RER variability was associated with vagal-related HRV parameters and with mean HR (standardized beta = -0.36, -0.38, and 0.41, respectively; all p < 0.04). In contrast, no associations were observed in women. In conclusion, men exhibited higher variability (CVs for VO2, VCO2, and REE) compared to women. The CV for RER could be a potential marker of cardiometabolic risk in young men.Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (DEP2016-79512-R and PTA 12264-I)Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU15/04059, FPU16/02828, and FPU 16/02760)University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2020 Programa de Contratos PuenteGrant FJC2020-044453-I MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTRNIH grant #: U01 TR002004 (REACH project)Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special Populations (DEP2005-00046/ACTI)Unit of Excellence in Sport and Health (UCEES)Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades and European Regional Development Funds (ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR

Degradation of a transgressive coastal Dunefield by pines plantation and strategies for recuperation (Lagoa Do Peixe National Park, Southern Brazil)

The transgressive dunefield of the Lagoa de Peixe Natural Park was modified drastically due to intensive pine plantation and the leeward development of the associated degraded areas. The present study analyzed the disturbances in the dunefield of the Lagoa do Peixe Natural Park due to pine tree plantation and the impact of the subsequent deforestation program conducted in the region. Aerial photographs, satellite images, and DGPS topographic data collected over a 70-year-long period were retrieved, analyzed, and compared, which allowed the observation of the geomorphological evolution of the dunefield. In addition, a profile of GPR on the inlet (during a period with the channel closed) was analyzed. In 1948, the surface of the sand barrier was occupied by high transverse dunes and low barchan dunes. Pine tree plantation on the inner side fixed the transgressive dunes and, consequently, avoided the filling of the shallow lagoon, although degraded areas were generated on the lee side of the pines. Simultaneous pine plantations in the backshore avoided the aeolian sediment input to the dunefield, generating a large interdune area along with the development of a few parabolic dunes, which resulted in cannibalization of the transgressive dunes. In 2001, pine trees occupied 15.03% of the total area analyzed in the present study, while the degraded area accounted for 10.81% of the total area. Progressive deforestation was performed (ring bound technique for tree gradual death), maintaining three lines of pines in contact with the dunes, to promote autochthonous vegetation growth, thereby preventing the filling of the adjacent lagoon with aeolian sediments. By the year 2018, the pine tree plantation area reduced to 3.25%, the dunefield area was 79.03%, and the extension of the degraded areas had increased and reached 17.71% of the total area. The pine tree plantation and the deforestation for conservation purposes are the main factors explaining the degradation of the dunefield during the period between 1948 and 2018, while regional climatic oscillations contributed as the secondary factor. Although internationally controversial, the present case study demonstrates that the removal of this exotic vegetation, through dune vegetation recovery programs, is often unsuccessful and may generate more degraded areas. However, in the case presented here, it was essential to remove the forest to ensure the dune field geodynamics and, therefore, the base (biotope) of the natural system (maintenance of the lagoon and the dunefield)

Feasibility and reliability of a Physical Fitness test battery in individuals with Down Syndrome

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder that occurs because of an abnormal division between cells that results in an extra copy of chromosome 21. Some studies show that physical exercise in people with DS increases some cognitive capacities, such as memory, and improves the quality of life. Aim: The main aim of this study was to perform an analysis of the reliability and feasibility of the SAMU-Disability Fitness (DISFIT) battery in adults with DS. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a test–retest design was performed in a maximum interval of 2 weeks in 37 subjects (11 women and 26 men) aged between 21 and 58 years old with DS. Eight field-based fitness tests were proposed to assess the physical fitness (PF) of adults with DS: Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), the Deep Trunk Flexibility test (DTF), the Hand Grip test (HG), the Timed Stand Test (TST), the 30-s Sit-Up (SUP) and the 6-Min Walk Test (6MWT). Results: The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) in all the tests was good and high (>0.80), except for the 6MWT, whose reliability was fair. Conclusion: The SAMU-DISFIT battery is a reliable and feasible physical fitness battery which has been created with the purpose of establishing tests which measure the four basic components of PF (flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness and motor fitness) in adults with D

Inteligencia emocional y dependencia emocional según condición de violencia en madres de un centro de salud- Chiclayo, 2021

La presente investigación tiene por objetivo determinar la relación inteligencia emocional y dependencia emocional según su condición de violencia en madres del C.S. José Olaya-Chiclayo, 2021. La investigación tiene el enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo aplicado, de diseño comparativo correlacional lineal, no experimental y de corte transversal. Los instrumentos utilizados son el Cuestionario de Inteligencia Emocional TNNS-24, el Inventario de Dependencia Emocional (IDE) y el Inventario de tipos de violencia contra el género por Tintaya (2017). La población fue conformada por 115 madres que asistieron al centro de salud en el 2021. Los resultados indicaron que existe una relación directa de magnitud moderada (.30 ≤ Rho < .50) entre la inteligencia emocional con la dependencia emocional (Rho=.46) y sus dimensiones en madres con condición de violencia familiar; además una relación directa de magnitud grande (Rho≥ .50) entre la inteligencia emocional con la dependencia emocional (Rho = .61) y sus dimensiones en madres sin condición de violencia evidenciando una diferencia de magnitud pequeña (.10 ≤ r < .30) entre las correlaciones encontradas de la inteligencia emocional con la dependencia emocional (r=.10) según su condición de violencia familiar en madres atendidas del C.S. José Olaya-Chilcayo,2021

Efectos del ejercicio físico en adultos insulinodependientes

Este documento analiza los estudios más relevantes acerca de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y su relación directa con la actividad física con el propósito de hallar el tipo de entrenamiento más adecuado para el control de la enfermedad y centrándose en las variables que la determinan, como son la glucosa en sangre y la hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c). Para ello, se han usado unos específicos criterios de selección, con especial énfasis en el aspecto deportivo. Un total de 9 estudios han sido escogidos, de los cuales 3 se centran en entrenamientos aeróbicos continuos, 3 acerca de entrenamientos interválicos de alta intensidad y 3 sobre entrenamientos de fuerza. Los resultados mostraron que cualquier tipo de actividad física tiene influencia directa en la cantidad de azúcar en sangre y Hb1Ac, pudiendo acrecentar o declinar sus valores, dependiendo de la tipología de ejercicio realizado. Como conclusión, hay que resaltar que tanto la actividad física con preferencia oxidativa como con preferencia no oxidativa pueden ser recomendables para mejorar la calidad de vida de los diabéticos tipo 1 adultos, siempre que se conozcan los efectos que estos produzcan en cada paciente individualmente y así otorgar una herramienta útil para médicos, pacientes y graduados en ciencias del deporte en la que basarse para controlar la enfermedad. Todos los estudios analizados apoyan la idea de seguir avanzando en investigaciones en este ámbito.This paper analyzes the most relevant studies about type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and its direct relationship with physical activity (PA) in order to find the most appropriate type of training for disease control and focus on the variables that determine it, such as blood glucose (BG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac). Thus, specific selection criteria have been used, with special emphasis on the sport aspect. Nine studies have been selected, 3 focus on continuous aerobic trainings, 3 about high intensity interval training and 3 on strength trainings. The results showed that any type of PA has direct influence on BG and Hb1Ac, increasing or decreasing their values, depending on the type of EXE performed. In conclusion, it is demonstrated by recent studies that both aerobic and anaerobic physical activity may be recommended to improve the quality of life of T1DM, provided they are known the effects that they produce in each individual patient and thus provide a useful tool for doctors, patients and sports science graduates on which to rely to control the disease. All the studies analyzed support the idea of further progress in research in this area.Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deport

Human disturbances of shoreline morphodynamics and dune ecosystem at the Puerto Velero spit (Colombian caribbean)

Evolution of present coastal environments is controlled by both natural processes and anthropogenic activities, last one causing global, regional and local disturbances. This study analyze the effects of shortage of sediments from Magdalena River and tourism development in the recent shoreline morphodynamics and dune vegetation structure of the Puerto Velero spit, in the northern Colombian Caribbean coast. Shoreline position, dune vegetation and human occupation were taken from the interpretation of satellite images, aerial photographs and field trips. Three methods were applied to analyze shoreline migration. It allowed to deduce trends of very high erosion for the outer neck and moderate to high erosion for the inner neck, while the northern border and the point of the spit present an erosional trend in the outer and inner. Therefore, the outer neck and iner neck show predominance of an erosional trend, more intense for the outer one, while the northern border and particularly the point of the spit present trends of high and very high accretion. It implicates a present progradation of the spit, but a narrowing of its neck. The shortage of coastal sand due to the construction of a jettie at Magdalena River favored the formation of the spit by the erosion of the extinct Isla Verde barrier island, but currently cause erosion of the neck. Erosion of the outer and inner neck is also due to the impact of local disturbances on the backshore and dune system, mainly a rapid increase of occupation and a large circulation of people and vehicles. Dune vegetation distribution is affected by these disturbance, including the presence of invasive aloctonous Calotropis procera over a large area of the dune field. The natural climatic oscillations, particularly the negative El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, also favor the progradation of the spit. The analysis of these disturbances on the present geomorphological and ecological evolution on the spit constitutes an important instrument for coastal management

KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF A SPORTS EQUIPMENT DEVICE, THE HANGO

Out of the scooter family a new and innovative model arises "The Hango". The present study lies in an analysis of the movement pattern during the manipulation of the Hango. The Hango is a light weighted, three-wheeled vehicle, whose displacement is produced through a symmetric and co- ordinated movement of alternating load, similar to the one of other sports, like skiing or skating. The analysis was done with the made possible help of a kinematic 3D study of a sample of 4 subjects, using the KINESCANflBV 2001®. The results have the kinematical description of the movement. The latter was divided in phases, which allow a better comprehension of what happens in the course of the movement. These phases are defined by the acceleration in the direction of the movement. From the analysis emerges that the movement made by the user of the Hango can be catalogued as a sort of cyclic task. Besides, it is an activity characterised by the absence of impacts and by the symmetry of its movement pattern; so it is beneficial for the organism. The data obtained present the Hango as a vehicle suitable for the practice of physical sports activity