POJAVA I INTENZITET PARAZITA KOD ZLATNE RIBICE (Carassius Auratus L.) U RIBNJACIMA POKRAJINE GUILAN, SJEVERNI IRAN

In this survey 109 specimens of goldfish (Carassius auratus) were collected from Guilan fish ponds during 2012-13. After recording biometric characteristics, common parasitology methods were used. In the present study 11 parasite species were recovered from goldfish. Parasitofauna consisted of two protozoans: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina sp.; one digenean trematodes: Diplostomum spathaceum; six monogenean trematodes: Dactylogyrus vastator, Dactylogyrus formosus, Dactylogyrus baueri, Dactylogyrus anchoratus and Gyrodactylus sp.; one crustacean: copepodid stage of Lernaea cyprinacea and one nematodes larvae. All the monogeneans found during the current study are considered new locality records for goldfish in Guilan province, Iran. Mean intensity of infection and abundances of parasite species (with prevalences >10%) among seasons were tested by the Kruskal-Wallis test (KW, multiple comparisons) and Conover-Inman test. Results have shown that monogeneans had the highest prevalence values (49.54%) in goldfish in Guilan fish ponds.U ovom je istraživanju prikupljeno 109 primjeraka zlatne ribice (Carassius auratus) iz ribnjaka pokrajine Guilan tijekom 2012.-13. godine. Nakon određivanja biometrijskih karakteristika, koristile su se uobičajene metode parazitologije. Utvrđeno je 11 vrsta parazita kod zlatnih ribica. Parazitofauna se sastojala od dvije protozoe: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis i Trichodina sp.; od jedne digenean trematode: Diplostomum spathaceum; šest jednorodnih metilja (Monogenea) trematoda: Dactylogyrus vastator, Dactylogyrus formosus, Dactylogyrus baueri, Dactylogyrus anchoratus i Gyrodactylus sp.; jednog raka: copepodne faze Lernaea cyprinacea i jedne ličinke nematode. Svi jednorodni metilji pronađeni tijekom ovog istraživanja prvi put su zabilježeni kod zlatnih ribica u pokrajini Guilan, Iran. Srednji intenzitet infekcije i brojnost vrsta parazita (u prevalenciji > 10%) među godišnjim dobima testiran je Kruskal-Wallis testom (KW, višestruke usporedbe) i Conover-Inman testom. Rezultati su pokazali da su jednorodni metilji imali najvišu revalenciju (49.54%) kod zlatnih ribica u ribnjacima pokrajine Guilan

FeCl 3 .nano SiO 2 : An Efficient Heterogeneous Nano Catalyst for the Synthesis of 14-Aryl-14H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes and 1,8-Dioxo-octahydro-xanthenes under Solvent-free Conditions

ABSTRACT A novel, efficient and eco-friendly procedure for the synthesis of 14-aryl-14H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes and 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes is described through one-pot condensation of 2-naphthol and dimedone with aryl aldehydes in the presence of nano silica-supported ferric chloride under solvent-free conditions. The present approach offers several advantages such as short reaction times, high yields, easy purification, recovery and reusability of the catalyst

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Phylogeny and systematics of Indo-Pacific mullets (Teleostei: Mugilidae) with special reference to the mullets of Australia

"July 1998"Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, School of Biological Sciences, 1999.Bibliography: leaves 321-360.Introduction -- Musculoskeletal anatomy of Mugil cephalus -- A phylogenetic analysis of the Indo-Pacific mullets -- Description of the genera and species of Indo-Pacific mullet -- References.Systematic, phylogeny and geographical distribution of Mugilidae in Indo-Pacific and Australian waters was reviewed, using morphological and osteological data. The original description, and synonymies, of all genera and species were compiled, and the extant type specimens in the Australian Museum, Queensland Museum, Western Australian Museum, British Museum of Natural History, Paris Museum of Natural History, Amsterdam, and Leiden Museums of Natural History were examined. Specimens of 11 species were collected from 50 coastal sites of Australia between Cairns (Queensland), to Port Elliston (South Australia), and Tasmania. Species that could not be collected were borrowed from the above mentioned museums. Thirty nine genera of mullets have been described worldwide of which 18 genera were recognised as valid in this study and a new genus 'ParamugiV is described. Mullets are most speciose in Indo-Pacific and this research suggests that 27 species (excluding Mugil brousssonetii Valenciennes, 1836), belonging to 14 genera are found in this region. -- The osteology and musculature of Mugil cephalus, as representative of Mugilidae is described. Distinguishing osteological characters within the group are defined. Osteology is a useful discriminant between genera and, in combination with morphometries and meristics, establishes useful criteria for the identification of these fishes. -- Phylogenetic analysis of data was performed using PAUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony) computer software. Keys for identification of genera and species of Indo-Pacific mullets are developed and description of different genera and species are given following the hierarchy of relationships among them on the cladogram. The genera of Cestraeus and Aldrichetta represent the plesimorphic (primitive) subfamily of Agonostominae in Indo-Pacific. Mugilinae containing the other Indo-Pacific mullets is apomorphic (advanced). The cladogram of phylogenetic analysis suggests that Myxus elongatus and Trachystoma petardi are the most plesiomorphic members of the subfamily Mugilinae and sister group to other Indo-Pacific species. Osteology and morphology of alimentary canal of Gracilimugil argenteus also supports the superficial differences of this genus from Liza, and the cladogram separates it as a distinct lineage following Trachystoma, and more primitive compared to the rest of Indo-Pacific mullets. Osteology also strongly suggests that Gracilimugil ramsayii is a junior synonym of Gracilimugil argenteus. The cladogram also separates Ellochelon vaigiensis as a distinct lineage which is plesiomorphic to Liza and the rest of derived Indo-Pacific mullets. Valamugil georgii and Liza parmata display some morphological features different from diagnostic characters for Mugil, Valamugil and Liza. The autapomorphic character states of distinct morphology of maxilla, articular, palatine and lachrymal plus ctenoid scales without membranous hind margin, and lack of pectoral axillary scale grouped them as a distinct lineage in the cladogram and sister-group to Liza. 'Paramugil' a new genus is erected for 'MugiV parmatus and 'Mugil' georgii. The genera Crenimugil and Valamugil are sister-groups, and except morphology of mouth do not reveal any significant differences. -- Twenty species of mullets belonging to twelve genera are found in Australian waters. Species Trachystoma petardi, Myxus elongatus, Gracilimugil argenteus, and Paramugil georgii, are restricted only to Australian waters. Trachystoma petardi is confined to freshwater rivers of north New South Wales to south Queensland. Myxus elongatus inhabits in temperate waters of Australia, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. Gracilimugil argenteus is limited to southern coasts of Australia from Cardwell in Queensland to Geraldton in Western Australia and Paramugil georgii is confined to temperate and tropical coastal waters of Australia. Aldrichtta forsteri is restricted to temperate waters of Australia and New Zealand. The most diversity in Australian mullets is observed in tropical waters of north Queensland, Northern Territory and north Western Australia. Liza macrolepis occurs in the waters of north and north-east Australia. There is no record of Neomyxus leuciscus, Cestraeus spp., Liza affinis, Valamugil speigleri and Valamugil perusii in Australian Waters.Mode of access: World Wide Web.xiii, 397 leaves il

Morphology and Morphometry Based Taxonomy of Mugilidae

Members of the family Mugilidae, generally known as mullets, are coastal marine fi shes with a worldwide distribution including all temperate, subtropical and tropical seas. They not only inhabit offshore and coastal waters, but also depending on the species, spend part or even their whole life cycle in coastal lagoons, lakes and/or rivers. A considerable period of time has passed since the last book was published on Mugilidae (Oren 1981). Many important and critical changes related to the taxonomy and systematics of this family have taken place since this last publication. We may perhaps be in the ‘middle of a revolution’, with regard to the phylogeny and taxonomy of mullets. New and more effi cient methodologies have developed in the past few decades, which improve the accurate discrimination of taxa; for example the sequencing of mitochondrial and/or nuclear genes (molecular taxonomy) and the geometric morphometrics (a relatively novel discipline which is based on the use of anatomical landmarks in order to evaluate differences in the shape of organisms). As could be expected, as a consequence of the application of these new techniques, new results have been obtained on Mugilidae, such as the appearance of cryptic species, but also confl icts have arisen at the generic and even subfamily levels. Table 1.1 summarizes the nominal genera of Mugilidae, in chronological order of appearance, with their status according to different authors. Much more work has to be done in order to clarify and consolidate the taxonomy and systematics of Mugilidae. Hence, the aim of this chapter is to review and discuss the present status of mugilid taxonomy around the world, and also to show both the traditional and new tools that can be employed to identify/ discriminate these fishes.Fil: González Castro, Mariano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; ArgentinaFil: Ghasemzadeh, Javad. Chabahar Maritime University; Irá

Synthesis of some 3,5-diarylisoxazoline derivatives in ionic liquids media

Biologically active isoxazoline derivatives were efficiently synthesized in excellent yields and in less reaction time using mild, effective and environmentally friendly butylmethylimidazolium bromide as solvent and catalyst. By use of this catalyst isoxazoline derivatives are produced via cyclization reaction of chalcone and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in ionic liquids media. The separation of the product was facile and the catalyst could be separated and recycled. Our method is very quick, safe and avoids the use of hazardous and expensive reagents and solvents

Effect of probiotic (Moltibehsil) and prebiotic (Behsam) on feed performances, energy losses and ammonia and urea excretions in grass carp, Ctenophryngodon idella larvae

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two commercial prebiotic and probiotic called Behsam and Behsil, respectively, in feeding performance, ammonia and urea excretions as well as energy losses in grass carp, Ctenophryngodon idella fry. Three levels of Behsam and Behsil (200, 400 and 600 mg/kgof diet) were supplemented to experimental diets and fed to grass carp fry (initial weight of 625.15 ± 10.12 mg). The present study was conducted in a completely randomized design. At the end of experiment, the fish final weight, food conversion ratio, protein and lipid efficiency ratio of the grass carps fed supplemented diet with different levels of Behsam and Behsil had significantly difference with control group (p<0.05). The results clearly exhibited that the different levels of Behsam and Behsil had positive effects on the ammonia and urea excretions in fish fry and also the energy decreasing rate in experimental treatments in comparison with control group. Minimum of ammonia-N and urea-N excretions were obtained in treatment Behsam 600. The maximum energy losses via excretion of ammonia and urea were obtained in control. However, the minimum energy losses were obtained in fish fry fed with 600 mg/kg Behsam. The total energy losses by nitrogenous wastes such as ammonia, urea and energy losses rate (%) per energy intake were decreased in the various experimental treatments in comparison with control. Maximum energy expenditure was detected in control group, but it decreased in experimental treatments and minimum value was obtained in treatment containing 600 mg/kg Behsam. In this study, it was found that the various Behsam and Behsil levels in rearing grass carp fry exhibit different effects on feeding performance, ammonia and urea excretions as well as energy losses in this fish

Correlation between Academic Self-Efficacy and Learning Anxiety in Medical Students Studying at Qom Branch of Islamic Azad University, 2017, (Iran)

Background and Objectives: Lack of academic progress is considered as one of the major problems in the quality of higher education institutes, which leads to waste of time and cost and causes psychological problems in the students.The current study was conducted to determine the correlation between academic self-efficacy and learning anxiety in medical students studying at Qom Branch of Islamic Azad University.   Methods: This research was performed as a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study on 131 students in Islamic Azad University of Qom city. Sampling was census method. The data were collected using two questionnaires of College Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (CASES) and self-reporting Pekrun Learning Anxiety. Finally, data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests, Pearson correlation, and t-test.   Results: The mean age of the participants was 22.25±2.80, the mean academic self-efficacy score was 104.29±17.00, and the mean learning anxiety score was 33.14±6.69. There was no significant differrence between three demographic characteristics of gender, marital status, and place of residence with academi self-efficacy score (p>0.05), but, there was a significant relashionship between gender and marital status with learning anxiety score (p<0.05). There was no significant relationship between the mean score of learning anxiety and dormitory and non-dormitory residence (p=0.684). There was a significant direct correlation between academic grade point average and academic self-efficacy (r=0.261, p=0.003). There was a significant inverse correlation between academic self-efficacy and learning anxiety (p=0.001, r=-0.388).   Conclusion: The findings of this research showed that there is a significant inverse correlation between the learning anxiety variable and academic self-efficacy in students; accordingly, reduction of the source of stress and stress-coping training should be paid attention to improve the students’ academic self-efficacy beliefs