Ambipolar Graphene Field Effect Transistors by Local Metal Side Gates

We demonstrate ambipolar graphene field effect transistors individually controlled by local metal side gates. The side gated field effect can have on/off ratio comparable with that of the global back gate, and can be tuned in a large range by the back gate and/or a second side gate. We also find that the side gated field effect is significantly stronger by electrically floating the back gate compared to grounding the back gate, consistent with the finding from electrostatic simulation.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Fermion Particle Production in Dynamical Casimir Effect in a Three Dimensional Box

In this paper we investigate the problem of fermion creation inside a three dimensional box. We present an appropriate wave function which satisfies the Dirac equation in this geometry with MIT bag model boundary condition. We consider walls of the box to have dynamic and introduce the time evolution of the quantized field by expanding it over the 'instantaneous basis'. We explain how we can obtain the average number of particles created. In this regard we find the Bogliubove coefficients. We consider an oscillation and determine the coupling conditions between different modes that can be satisfied depending on the cavity's spectrum. Assuming the parametric resonance case we obtain an expression for the mean number of created fermions in each mode of an oscillation and their dynamical Casimir energy.Comment: 5 pages, no figur

Zero area singularities in general relativity and inverse mean curvature flow

First we restate the definition of a Zero Area Singularity, recently introduced by H. Bray. We then consider several definitions of mass for these singularities. We use the Inverse Mean Curvature Flow to prove some new results about the mass of a singularity, the ADM mass of the manifold, and the capacity of the singularity.Comment: 13 page

Synthetic Graphene Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition on Copper Foils

The discovery of graphene, a single layer of covalently bonded carbon atoms, has attracted intense interests. Initial studies using mechanically exfoliated graphene unveiled its remarkable electronic, mechanical and thermal properties. There has been a growing need and rapid development in large-area deposition of graphene film and its applications. Chemical vapour deposition on copper has emerged as one of the most promising methods in obtaining large-scale graphene films with quality comparable to exfoliated graphene. In this chapter, we review the synthesis and characterizations of graphene grown on copper foil substrates by atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition. We also discuss potential applications of such large scale synthetic graphene.Comment: 23 pages, 4 figure