Het homohuwelijk na invoering:voor- en tegenstanders

Gay marriage after its introduction: supporters and objectors Sixty-five percent of the Dutch population disagrees largely or completely with the statement that gay marriage should be abolished, whereas sixteen percent agrees to it. In this article, we show which characteristics increase the likelihood to reject gay marriage. With information on family of origin, we show that the perception of mother’s attitude towards homosexuality during one’s youth strongly affects rejecting gay marriage. But the strongest determinant comes from socialization by ways of religious institutions. Here, attending religious services is more important than the distinction between various denominations. A lower education enhances particularly the chance to be neutral regarding abolishing gay marriage, whereas field of education has no effect. Moreover, we show that men and non-western immigrants have a larger likelihood to reject gay marriage

‘Horrors of Holland’:Explaining attitude change toward euthanasia and homosexuals in The Netherlands, 1971-1998

In this article, we investigate changes in public opinion in the Netherlands toward two controversial issues: homosexuals and euthanasia. We find that a rapid decrease in opposition to both issues in the seventies and early eighties was followed by a period of a stable minority opposition. We identify relevant period and cohort indicators to test which characteristics are associated with the changes in the attitudes. We collected period and cohort characteristics that are applicable to both of the attitudes, but specific attitude-related circumstantial conditions as well. For both attitudes, it turns out that the changing composition of Dutch society with regard to religiousness accounts for the largest changes in public opinion. Furthermore, we find that the influence of religion on both the attitude towards euthanasia and the attitude towards homosexuals became stronger over time, whereas the influence of educational attainment weakened over time

Social Capital and Its Returns as an Explanation for Early Labor Market Success of Majority and Minority Members in the Netherlands

This paper tests whether social capital can explain differences in labor market success between ethnic majority and minority members. To overcome problems of reverse causality—labor market success is not only the result of social capital, but also leads to better networks—the focus is on adolescents who enter the labor market. Data from the ‘Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey’ are used (N = 2574) and matched to register data from Statistics Netherlands. Hypotheses are tested with structural equation models and a longitudinal approach. Two different mechanisms are tested: the capital deficit and the return deficit. Ethnic majority and minority members do not differ in social capital, thus refuting the capital deficit hypothesis. However, for majority members, the upper reachability of their social capital negatively affects chances of unemployment and positively affects chances of having a permanent contract. For minority members, no such effects were observed, indicating that the same level of social capital that benefits majorities, does not benefit minorities. More research into the return deficit minority members face is needed

Parents' hourly wages in female same-sex and different-sex couples: The role of partner's gender and employers

Objective: This research article investigates the relationship between parenthood and wages, considering the partner's gender and the influence of employers on wage trajectories for birth and non-birth mothers and fathers. Background: It offers a novel examination whether the gender of the partner affects the wage outcomes for birth mothers and explores the differential impact of employers on wages for birth and non-birth mothers, using Dutch register data. Method: Utilizing OLS regression, Heckman selection, and fixed-effects models, this study focuses on all Dutch couples who had their first child between 2008 and 2014 in the Netherlands, from two years prior to the birth until two years after birth. Results: Consistent with human capital theory, the findings reveal a consistent and unfavourable wage development for birth mothers, regardless of whether they are in same-sex couples or different-sex couples. The wage development for non-birth mothers in female same-sex couples resembles that of fathers, showing a more positive trajectory compared to birth mothers. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that employers do not differentiate in their treatment of birth and non-birth mothers, suggesting that biological constraints associated with motherhood impact wages of birth mothers, while both their male and female partners’ wages do not decline. Conclusion: The study contributes to the existing literature in family sociology, highlighting the need for policies and interventions that address the specific challenges faced by birth mothers in the labor market. - Appendix: https://ubp.uni-bamberg.de/jfr/index.php/jfr/article/view/960/765Fragestellung: Diese Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen Elternschaft und Gehalt, wobei sowohl die Rolle des Geschlechts des Partners als auch der Einfluss des Arbeitgebers auf die Lohnentwicklung von leiblichen - und nichtleiblichen Müttern und Vätern berücksichtigt wird. Hintergrund: Die Studie bietet eine neuartige Untersuchung der Frage, ob das Geschlecht des Partners Löhne leiblicher Mütter beeinflusst, wozu niederländische Registerdaten verwendet werden. Methode: OLS-Regression, Heckman-Korrektur und Fixed-Effects Modelle werden angewandt, um alle niederländischen Paare zu untersuchen, deren erstes Kind zwischen 2008 und 2014 in den Niederlanden geboren wurde. In diesem Zusammenhang wird eine Periode von zwei Jahren vor der Geburt bis zwei Jahren nach der Geburt untersucht. Ergebnisse: In Übereinstimmung mit der Humankapitaltheorie zeigen die Ergebnisse eine konsistente und ungünstige Lohnentwicklung für Mütter, unabhängig davon, ob sie in gleichgeschlechtlichen oder andersgeschlechtlichen Paaren leben. Die Lohnentwicklung von nicht leiblichen Müttern in weiblich-gleichgeschlechtlichen Paaren ähnelt der von Vätern, die im Vergleich zu leiblichen Müttern eine positivere Entwicklung aufweisen. Außerdem zeigt die Analyse, dass Arbeitgeber nicht zwischen leiblichen- und nichtleiblichen Müttern unterscheiden, was darauf hindeutet, dass sich die biologischen Auswirkungen, die mit der Mutterschaft verbunden sind, auf die Löhne der leiblichen Mütter auswirken, während die Löhne ihrer männlichen und weiblichen Partner nicht sinken. Schlussfolgerung: Die Studie leistet einen Beitrag zur bestehenden Literatur in der Familiensoziologie, indem sie den Bedarf an politischen Maßnahmen und Interventionen hervorhebt, die sich mit den spezifischen Herausforderungen befassen, mit denen leibliche Mütter auf dem Arbeitsmarkt konfrontiert sind

Avoidance in action: Negative tie closure in balanced triads among pupils over time

We study avoidance tie closure in balance triads among pupils in two Dutch secondary schools using stochastic actor-oriented models (SAOMs). We find that pupils were likely to avoid the friends of those they avoided but not enough evidence is found to either fully accept or refute the idea that pupils disagree with their friends on whom to avoid. Moreover, pupils’ migration background does not seem to influence avoidance tie closure in balanced triads. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications. Based on our findings, we elaborate on the possibility of a singular balance promoting effect rather than multiple distinct ones. Limitations are pointed out and future research suggestions are offered

Money, Childbearing, Gender: Explaining within-Couple Inequality after Parenthood

Using population register data for the Netherlands, we analyze the child penalty for new parents in three groups of couples: different-sex and lesbian couples with a biological child and different-sex couples with an adopted child. With a longitudinal design, we follow parents’ earnings from 2 years before to 8 years after the arrival of the child and use event study models to estimate the effects of the transition to parenthood on earnings trajectories. Comparing different groups of couples allows to test hypotheses related to three types of difference that are early impossible to disentangle when studying only heterosexual biological parents: relative earnings, childbearing and gender. Our results offer strong support for gender as the main driver of diver-gent child penalties: for mothers, the gender of their partners is more consequential for their earnings trajectories than going through pregnancy or being a secondary earner before parenthood

Money, Birth, Gender: Explaining Unequal Earnings Trajectories following Parenthood

Using population register data from the Netherlands, we analyze the child penalty for new parents in three groups of couples: different-sex and female same-sex couples with a biological child and different-sex couples with an adopted child. With a longitudinal design, we follow parents’ earnings from two years before to eight years after the arrival of the child and use event study models to estimate the effects of the transition to parenthood on earnings trajectories. Comparing different groups of couples allows us to test hypotheses related to three types of within-couple differences that are difficult to disentangle when studying only heterosexual biological parents: relative earnings, childbearing, and gender. Our results offer strong support for gender as the main driver of divergent child penalties. The gender of their partners is more consequential for mothers’ earnings trajectories than is childbearing or the pre-parenthood relative earnings in the couple