Anterior Capsule Reconstruction for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears

A subscapularis complete tear presents its own challenges in management. The glenohumeral biomechanics and force couple are reliant on a competent and functioning subscapularis muscle. An irreparable subscapularis makes those same challenges even more difficult to address. Traditionally, this problem has been addressed with tendon transfers, including pectoralis major or latissimus dorsi. These techniques can alter the ideal biomechanics of the shoulder and have high rates or failure. Iliotibial autograft or tibialis anterior have also been wrought with high failure rates. Recently, the superior capsular reconstruction has been described for irreparable tears of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus. Theoretically, this procedure can act as a check rein against subluxation, and may serve to reconnect the force couples of the rotator cuff. Anterior escape may represent a similar challenge when the irreparable rotator cuff tendon is the subscapularis. To address this, we describe an open anterior capsule reconstruction technique with an acellular dermal graft. We theorize that this procedure may serve in a similar capacity to its superior capsular counterpart

Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny

Comparative analysis of multiple genomes in a phylogenetic framework dramatically improves the precision and sensitivity of evolutionary inference, producing more robust results than single-genome analyses can provide. The genomes of 12 Drosophila species, ten of which are presented here for the first time (sechellia, simulans, yakuba, erecta, ananassae, persimilis, willistoni, mojavensis, virilis and grimshawi), illustrate how rates and patterns of sequence divergence across taxa can illuminate evolutionary processes on a genomic scale. These genome sequences augment the formidable genetic tools that have made Drosophila melanogaster a pre-eminent model for animal genetics, and will further catalyse fundamental research on mechanisms of development, cell biology, genetics, disease, neurobiology, behaviour, physiology and evolution. Despite remarkable similarities among these Drosophila species, we identified many putatively non-neutral changes in protein-coding genes, non-coding RNA genes, and cis-regulatory regions. These may prove to underlie differences in the ecology and behaviour of these diverse species