The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century.

A rank-ordered list was constructed that reports the first 99 of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. Eminence was measured by scores on 3 quantitative variables and 3 qualitative variables. The quantitative variables were journal citation frequency, introductory psychology textbook citation frequency, and survey response frequency. The qualitative variables were National Academy of Sciences membership, election as American Psychological Association (APA) president or receipt of the APA Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, and surname used as an eponym. The qualitative variables were quantified and combined with the other 3 quantitative variables to produce a composite score that was then used to construct a rank-ordered list of the most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. The discipline of psychology underwent a remarkable transformation during the 20th cen-tury, a transformation that included a shift away from the European-influenced philosophical psychology of the late 19th century to th

Zebrafish Models in NeuroPsychopharmacology and CNS Drug Discovery

Despite the high prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders, their aetiology and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is increasingly utilized as a powerful animal model in neuropharmacology research and in vivo drug screening. Collectively, this makes zebrafish a useful tool for drug discovery and the identification of disordered molecular pathways. Here, we discuss zebrafish models of selected human neuropsychiatric disorders and drug-induced phenotypes. As well as covering a broad range of brain disorders (from anxiety and psychoses to neurodegeneration), we also summarize recent developments in zebrafish genetics and small molecule screening, which markedly enhance the disease modelling and the discovery of novel drug targets

Specification of Variables Predictive of Victories in the Sport of Boxing

Compared to other sports, very little research has been conducted on which variables can predict victory in the sport of boxing. This investigation examined whether boxers\u27 age, weight change from their preceding contest, country of origin, total number of wins, total number of losses, performance in their preceding contest, or the possession of a championship title was predictive of a winning performance in a given bout. A 1-mo. sample of male professional boxing records for all contests held in the USA (N = 400) were collected from the BoxRec online database. Logistic regression analysis indicated that only boxers\u27 age, total number of wins and losses, and the performance in the preceding contest predicted significant variance in outcome. © Perceptual and Motor Skills 2007

Specification of Variables Predictive of Victories in the Sport of Boxing: II. Further Characterization of Previous Success

Previous success, i.e., performance in the preceding bout and total number of wins and losses, was predictive of victory. Clarification of this effect was sought in examining whether the prior performance against a particular opponent or in a common location would be predictive of a victory in a bout against that opponent or in that locale. The career records of 739 male professional boxers who participated in contests held in the USA in November 2007 were collected from the BoxRec online database. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression analyses indicated that performance in the preceding bout, prior performance against the same opponent, and prior performance in a particular location were predictive of the outcome in a current bout. © Perceptual and Motor Skills 2009

Specification of variables predictive of victories in the sport of boxing

Variables prédictives de la performance en boxe professionnelle : âge des boxeurs, variations de poids depuis le précédent combat, pays d'origine, bilan des victoires et des défaites, résultat du dernier combat, statut de détenteur du titre en je

Practice and incentive motivation in recognition of inverted faces

In each of three experiments, participants received successive daily practice sessions on the task of recognizing inverted faces. In all practice sessions, an initial study series of 25 inverted faces was followed immediately by a test series of 17 pairs of inverted faces. Each test pair comprised a face from the study series and a new face. Completely new sets of faces were used in each session. Recognition of inverted faces did not improve across sessions in Exp. 1 but did improve in Exps. 2 and 3. Unlike Exp. 1, Exps. 2 and 3 employed an explicit incentive for improved performance. These results show that sufficiently motivated participants can become quite proficient at recognizing inverted faces. Implications of the results for the role of expertise at recognition in producing the inversion effect are discussed

Domain Interplay in Mice And Men: New Possibilities for the Natural Kinds Theory of Emotion

The recent challenge to the long-held assumption that emotions are natural kinds (i.e., discreet naturally-distinguishable phenomena) has raised the necessity for a closer look into the nature of affective research. If emotions are not natural kinds, there will be widespread consequences for the theoretical foundations of behavioral neuroscience and grave implications for the validity of animal models of emotion and affective disorders. This paper presents the evidence against the hypothesis of emotions as natural kinds, and offers the domain-interplay concept as a novel and effective experimental method for establishing the theoretical rationale of non-human animal research in the neurosciences. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd

Modeling anxiety-like states: Pharmacological characterization of the chick separation stress paradigm

While previous research has sought to validate the chick separation stress paradigm as an anxiolytic screening assay, it is unknown whether the paradigm better models a nonspecific anxiety-like state or something similar to panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder. To characterize the anxiety model pharmacologically, cockerels were administered drug probes that were either: (1) only effective for treating panic disorder (phenelzine 3.125-25.0 mg/kg), (2) effective for treating both panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (alprazolam 0.065-0.5 mg/kg; clonidine 0.1-0.25 mg/kg; imipramine 1.0-15.0 mg/kg), (3) only effective for treating generalized anxiety disorder (buspirone 2.5-10.0 mg/kg; trazodone 0.1-3.0 mg/kg) or (4) capable of exacerbating symptoms of panic disorder in humans (yohimbine 0.1-3.0 mg/kg). At 7 days after hatch, chicks received either vehicle or drug probe intramuscularly 15 min prior to social separation under a mirror (low-stress) or no-mirror (high-stress) condition for a 180-s observation period. Dependent measures were distress vocalizations to index separation stress and sleep-onset latency to index sedation. Phenelzine, alprazolam, imipramine and clonidine were able to attenuate distress vocalizations (at doses without significant sedation) whereas buspirone and trazodone did not. Paradoxically, yohimbine modestly attenuated distress vocalizations. These results suggest that the chick separation stress paradigm better models panic disorder than generalized anxiety disorder as an anxiolytic screen. © 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc

Opioid receptor function in social attachment in young domestic fowl

Opioid systems are implicated in social attachment processes. This research sought to determine the functional contribution of each opioid receptor in modulating social attachment/separation distress. Following ICV administration of opiate probes, 7-day-old cockerels were isolated from conspecifics for a 3 min test period under either a mirror or no-mirror condition. Vocalizations served as the measure of separation-stress. Opioid receptor probes included: the μ agonist DAMGO (0.02, 0.19, 1.95 nmol), the μ antagonist CTOP (0.009, 0.09, 0.9 nmol), the δ agonist SNC80 (0.3, 1.0, 3.0 μmol), the δ antagonist naltrindole (0.2, 2.2, 22.2 nmol), the κ agonist U50, 488 (1, 30, 100 nmol), the κ antagonist norBNI (1.3, 13.6, 136.1 nmol), the NOP agonist N/OFQ (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 nmol), and the NOP antagonist UFP-101 (0.1, 1.0, 10.0 nmol). DAMGO attenuated separation distress vocalizations. No other drug probe enhanced or attenuated distress vocalizations. Further, the non-selective opiate antagonist naloxone (0.3, 8.3, 27.5 nmol) did not exacerbate distress vocalizations. These results suggest that only the μ receptor modulates social attachment in young domestic fowl. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved