Glucose transporter staining in hummingbird and mouse liver.

<p>Sections of hummingbird (a) and mouse (b) liver tissue stained with GLUT1 primary antibody. Staining was visualized with a FITC-conjugated secondary antibody (green). Sections were counterstained with DAPI to visualize nuclei (blue).</p

Glucose transporter staining in hummingbird and mouse skeletal muscle.

<p>Immunohistochemically-stained cross-sections of hummingbird pectoralis (a, c) and mouse gastrocnemius (b, d) muscle. Panels a and b) Immunostaining of tissues with GLUT1 primary antibody, visualized with a FITC-conjugated secondary antibody (green). Panels c and d) Immunostaining of tissues with GLUT4 primary antibody, visualized with a FITC-conjugated secondary antibody (green). Note, GLUT1 staining of the hummingbird pectoralis (a) is homogenous, and fiber sizes are all similar, reflecting the homogeneity of fiber type (type IIa; Fast oxidative-glycolytic). GLUT1 (and GLUT4) staining in the mouse gastrocnemius (b, d) is heteogenous and fiber diameters are varied, reflecting the diverse fiber type makeup of this muscle. Hummingbird pectoralis exhibited no staining using the GLUT4 antibody (intensity similar to use of secondary antibody alone; data not shown). Tissues in each panel were counterstained with DAPI in order to visualize nuclei (blue).</p

GLUT cDNA sequence identities.

<p>Sequences for ruby-throated hummingbird are based on partial gene products of RT-PCR reactions. Partial sequences based on zebra finch RT-PCR products showed >99% identity with published sequences in GenBank. Thus, sequences from zebra finches and other species listed used for comparison are taken from GenBank.</p

GLUT amino acid sequence identities and similarities.

<p>Sequence identity and, in parentheses, similarity are listed for each paired comparison. Sequences for ruby-throated hummingbirds are extrapolated from an optimal alignment based on RT-PCR products of the partial cDNA sequence (see text). Sequences from all other species are those published in GendBank.</p

Glucose transporter mRNA expression in hummingbird tissues.

<p>Agarose gels (1.5%) of RT-PCR products for a) GLUT1 (340 bp), b) GLUT2 (305 bp), c) GLUT3 (543 bp), and d) GLUT4 (449 bp, expected product size from mouse), and e) GAPDH (585 bp). A 100 bp ladder was run in lane 1 of each gel. PCR reactions were performed on cDNA from hummingbird pectoralis (P), brain (B), heart (H), liver (L), ankle-extensor group muscles (G; e.g. gastrocnemius and soleus), wrist-extensor group muscle (E; e.g. extensor digitorum longus), kidney (K), and intestine (I), as well as cDNA from mouse cardiac tissue (MH; GLUT4 gel only) and samples of the reaction mixture were run in other lanes. Identical patterns of expression were observed using samples isolated from tissues of zebra finches (data not shown). Due to insufficient numbers of lanes per gel or because small tissue masses necessitated pooling of samples from 2 individuals, reaction products from some samples had to be run on separate gels. These are indicated by breaks in the image and by asterisks next to the lane headings (e.g. E*).</p

Glucose transporter protein expression in hummingbird tissues.

<p>Western blots using primary antibodies against a) GLUT1, b) GLUT4, and c) GAPDH. Samples were included from hummingbird pectoralis (P), brain (B), heart (H), liver (L), and for GLUT4 only, intestine (I) and kidney (K). Blots for GLU1 (a) and GAPDH (c) include samples from two different individual hummingbirds (e.g. P1 and P2). Samples from mouse (M) soleus (a, c) and cardiac (b) tissue are included as positive controls.</p

Glucose transporter staining in hummingbird heart and brain.

<p>Sections of hummingbird (a) heart and (b) brain tissue stained with GLUT1 primary antibody. Staining was visualized with a FITC-conjugated secondary antibody (green). Sections were counterstained with DAPI to visualize nuclei (blue).</p

Coupling and Stacking Order of ReS₂ Atomic Layers Revealed by Ultralow-Frequency Raman Spectroscopy

We investigate the ultralow-frequency Raman response of atomically thin ReS₂, a special type of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors with unique distorted 1T structure. Bilayer and few-layer ReS₂ exhibit rich Raman spectra at frequencies below 50 cm^–1, where a panoply of interlayer shear and breathing modes are observed. The emergence of these interlayer phonon modes indicate that the ReS₂ layers are coupled and orderly stacked. Whereas the interlayer breathing modes behave similarly to those in other 2D layered crystals, the shear modes exhibit distinctive behavior due to the in-plane lattice distortion. In particular, the two shear modes in bilayer ReS₂ are nondegenerate and clearly resolved in the Raman spectrum, in contrast to the doubly degenerate shear modes in other 2D materials. By carrying out comprehensive first-principles calculations, we can account for the frequency and Raman intensity of the interlayer modes and determine the stacking order in bilayer ReS₂

Additional file 3: Figure S2. of Re-irradiation for recurrent glioma- the NCI experience in tumor control, OAR toxicity and proposal of a novel prognostic scoring system

Comparison with existing scoring systems A. Carson 2007. B. Combs 2013. (DOCX 28 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Re-irradiation for recurrent glioma- the NCI experience in tumor control, OAR toxicity and proposal of a novel prognostic scoring system

A. maximum Dose and NTCP to OAR based on Maximum Dose values. B. Mean Dose (EUD) and NTCP to OAR based on Mean Dose values. (DOCX 200 kb