18 research outputs found
Schopenhauer as educator: the sketch of Nietzsche's philosophical misanthropy
In 1874 Nietzsche published his third Untimely Meditation - Schopenhauer as Educator. This is another important episode of this complicated relationship between the two philosophers. Schopenhauer's philosophy, because his untimely character, his severe and solitary critical to the culture of his time, and to the university philosophy, serves to the young Nietzsche to the build of the ideal model of the new culture of superior human, within which could be the engendering of the authentic philosopher and genius in the art. It is then to verify the details of this struggle that the author of Untimely Meditations hangs himself in trying to reconcile his veneration for Schopenhauer and his denial of metaphysical principles of tradition, which will be included later the philosophy of Schopenhauer
Schopenhauer, os afetos e o pior dos mundos possĂveis
In opposition to Leibniz's optimism, Schopenhauer states, in the Complements to The World as Will and Representation, that we live in the "worst of all possible worlds", because a "little bit worse" it could not subsist. Misery is already given in its exact measure, as the pessimistic philosopher had affirmed in his thesis on the quota of suffering, presented in Volume 1 of the aforementioned work. The most immediate cause of this misfortune, he says, are vehement affects and violent passions. These two affections, always cited followed by their respective attributes, are presented when the philosopher refers to a certain "inordinacy" of activity of Will that leads the individual to error, violence, and pain. It is a matter then of verifying the exact configuration of these two concepts, their differences and importance for the Schopenhauerian doctrine of the negation of the will. It will be seen that the affects and passions are inclinations, irresistible excitations, which make it impossible to present countermotives and, consequently, intellectual freedom: either sudden inclinations (affects) or deeply rooted inclinations (passions).Em contraposição ao otimismo de Leibniz, Schopenhauer afirma, nos Complementos a O Mundo como Vontade e Representação, que vivemos no "pior dos mundos possĂveis", pois um "pouquinho pior" que fosse, nĂŁo poderia subsistir. É dada já a misĂ©ria na sua medida exata, como afirmara o pessimista filĂłsofo em sua tese sobre a quota de sofrimento, apresentada no Tomo 1 da referida obra. A causa mais imediata deste infortĂşnio, diz ele, sĂŁo os afetos veementes e paixões violentas. Estas duas afecções, sempre citadas seguidas destes respectivos atributos, sĂŁo apresentadas quando o filĂłsofo se refere a certa "desmesura" da atividade da vontade, que conduz o indivĂduo ao engano, Ă violĂŞncia, Ă dor. Trata-se de verificar entĂŁo a exata configuração destes dois conceitos, suas diferenças e importância para a doutrina schopenhaueriana da negação da vontade. Ver-se-á que afetos e paixões sĂŁo inclinações, excitações irresistĂveis, que impossibilitam a eficácia da apresentação de contramotivos e consequentemente da liberdade intelectual: sejam inclinações sĂşbitas (afetos) ou profundamente enraizadas (paixões)
Apresentação
Texto de Apresentação da décima terceira edição da Revista Argumento
O niilismo schopenhaueriano: uma introdução
Neste texto procuramos mostrar como se pode analisar o problema do niilismo na filosofia de Schopenhauer sem recorrer Ă interpretação nietzschiana – tendo em vista o peso e a importância dada por esta interpretação a este conceito dentro da filosofia e levando em conta principalmente que o termo nĂŁo aparece em nenhum momento da obra schopehaueriana – tendo como pano de fundo a recepção do idealismo transcendental kantiano na Alemanha do final do sĂ©culo XVIII e inĂcio do XIX.  In this text one search to show how one can analyze the problem of nihilism in Schopenhauer’s Philosophy without resorting to Nietzsche’s Interpretation – having in mind the weight and the importance given by this interpretation to this concept in the philosophy and take into consideration mostly that the term does not appear on no moment of the work of Schopenhauer – having as background the reception of Kant’s transcendental idealism in Germany in the end of the XVIII century and beginning of the XIX
Apresentação
Texto de Apresentação da décima quarta edição da Revista Argumento
Liberdade relativa e ascese: a função da razão na ética de Schopenhauer
In his metaphysics of the beautiful of the third book of The world as will and representation, Schopenhauer defends the uselessness of the concept to the art. With the exception of poetry, for which the word is the raw material. In the fourth book, however, as in his prize-winning essay On freedom of will, the reason plays an important role in the constitution of morality. On the one hand, he affirms (about the mythical description of the redemptive phenomenon of grace, which “comes from without” through a “change in the mode of knowledge”) the redemption does not come to us through a alleged free-will, that is not by a “deliberated will (works), but in knowledge (faith)”. The philosopher seeks to maintain his vigorous opposition to the ethical rationalism of Kantian deontology. On the other hand, reason (by its capacity for reflection and remembrance) is taken at certain moments as an auxiliary instrument in the process of conscious affirmation of the will (the acquired character), as well as in the phenomenon of the negation of the will. It is necessary to verify how important ethical concepts such as freedom, moral imputability, bad conscience (remorse), etc. are maintained in this ambiguity of the statute of rationality.Na sua metafĂsica do belo do terceiro livro de O mundo como vontade e representação, Schopenhauer defende a inutilidade do conceito para a arte, com a exceção da poesia, para a qual a palavra Ă© a matĂ©ria-prima. No quarto livro, no entanto, assim como em seu ensaio premiado Sobre a liberdade da vontade, a razĂŁo desempenha um papel importante na constituição da moralidade. Por um lado, afirma ele (em meio Ă descrição mĂtica do redentor fenĂ´meno da graça, que “vem de fora”, atravĂ©s de uma “mudança no modo de conhecimento”) que a redenção nĂŁo nos vem atravĂ©s de um pretenso livre-arbĂtrio, nĂŁo se dá por um “arbĂtrio ponderado (obras), mas no conhecimento (fĂ©)”. O filĂłsofo procura manter assim sua vigorosa oposição ao racionalismo Ă©tico da deontologia kantiana. Por outro lado, a razĂŁo (por sua capacidade de reflexĂŁo e recordação), Ă© tomada em certos momentos como um instrumento auxiliar no processo de afirmação consciente da vontade (o caráter adquirido), bem como no prĂłprio fenĂ´meno da negação da vontade. Cabe verificar como se sustentam, nesta ambiguidade do estatuto da racionalidade, importantes conceitos Ă©ticos como a liberdade, a imputabilidade moral, a má consciĂŞncia (remorso) etc
Desconfortável consolo: a ética niilista de Arthur Schopenhauer
This text intends to analyse the meaning of the concept negation of will in the Schopenhauer’s ethics. We can understand the Schopenhauer’s thought in two different moments. In the First, the philosopher shows his pessimism about the life. In the second moment he presents the search for the solution to the problems of the world’s sorrow. The negation of will (or negation of life – it is the same, in the Schopenhauer’s philosophy), presented for the philosopher as the redemption (Erlösung) of the moral’s problem, introduces us in an aspect too much tragic of the reality: the nihilism.Este texto pretende analisar o significado da negação da vontade na Ética schopenhaueriana. O pensamento de Schopenhauer pode ser entendido a partir de dois momentos distintos. No primeiro o filĂłsofo elabora sua teoria do conhecimento e expõe sua ontologia (o que equivaleria aos dois primeiros livros de O Mundo como Vontade e Representação) apresentando sua visĂŁo de mundo pessimista, em que Ă© mostrado, conforme suas prĂłprias palavras, o pior dos mundos possĂveis: este momento representaria um movimento de queda. No segundo momento ocorreria, dirĂŁo alguns, uma virada radical, traçada em uma trajetĂłria ascendente, em que Schopenhauer apresenta a solução para o problema do infortĂşnio (o que equivaleria aos dois Ăşltimos livros de O Mundo). TerĂamos aqui um Schopenhauer demasiado feliz, otimista, e representante de uma filosofia do consolo. Procuramos mostrar neste texto que este segundo movimento representa, na verdade, um momento mais trágico ainda. A negação da vontade (ou da vida, o que Ă© o mesmo em Schopenhauer) ofertada como a redenção (Erlösung) do problema moral, nos lança numa queda mai
ComplacĂŞncia estĂ©tica e satisfação do querer na metafĂsica do belo de Schopenhauer
Following in the footsteps of Kant, Schopenhauer builds his Metaphysics of the beauty from the conception of art “disinterested”. Knowledge determined by motives gives to the spectator of art the “exciting” and the mere empirical satisfaction, but not the beauty or the sublime. The Genius, most potent and effective representation of the Pure Subjectivity of Knowledge is described in the Book III of The world as will and representation in an apparently ambiguous way: as the Willenlos (free of will), like that free of the storm of the passions and the impetus of desires. But at the same time as that subjected to vehement affections and irrational passions. However, it is, in the aesthetic experience of the genius or the contemplator of art, a disinterested pleasure, a complacency of another order than that of the man of common sense and science. The article then seeks to analyze Schopenhauer’s concept of aesthetic complacency or satisfaction and its roots in Kant’s philosophy.Following in the footsteps of Kant, Schopenhauer builds his Metaphysics of the beauty from the conception of art “disinterested”. Knowledge determined by motives gives to the spectator of art the “exciting” and the mere empirical satisfaction, but not the beauty or the sublime. The Genius, most potent and effective representation of the Pure Subjectivity of Knowledge is described in the Book III of The world as will and representation in an apparently ambiguous way: as the Willenlos (free of will), like that free of the storm of the passions and the impetus of desires. But at the same time as that subjected to vehement affections and irrational passions. However, it is, in the aesthetic experience of the genius or the contemplator of art, a disinterested pleasure, a complacency of another order than that of the man of common sense and science. The article then seeks to analyze Schopenhauer’s concept of aesthetic complacency or satisfaction and its roots in Kant’s philosophy.Following in the footsteps of Kant, Schopenhauer builds his Metaphysics of the beauty from the conception of art “disinterested”. Knowledge determined by motives gives to the spectator of art the “exciting” and the mere empirical satisfaction, but not the beauty or the sublime. The Genius, most potent and effective representation of the Pure Subjectivity of Knowledge is described in the Book III of The world as will and representation in an apparently ambiguous way: as the Willenlos (free of will), like that free of the storm of the passions and the impetus of desires. But at the same time as that subjected to vehement affections and irrational passions. However, it is, in the aesthetic experience of the genius or the contemplator of art, a disinterested pleasure, a complacency of another order than that of the man of common sense and science. The article then seeks to analyze Schopenhauer’s concept of aesthetic complacency or satisfaction and its roots in Kant’s philosophy.Following in the footsteps of Kant, Schopenhauer builds his Metaphysics of the beauty from the conception of art “disinterested”. Knowledge determined by motives gives to the spectator of art the “exciting” and the mere empirical satisfaction, but not the beauty or the sublime. The Genius, most potent and effective representation of the Pure Subjectivity of Knowledge is described in the Book III of The world as will and representation in an apparently ambiguous way: as the Willenlos (free of will), like that free of the storm of the passions and the impetus of desires. But at the same time as that subjected to vehement affections and irrational passions. However, it is, in the aesthetic experience of the genius or the contemplator of art, a disinterested pleasure, a complacency of another order than that of the man of common sense and science. The article then seeks to analyze Schopenhauer’s concept of aesthetic complacency or satisfaction and its roots in Kant’s philosophy.Following in the footsteps of Kant, Schopenhauer builds his Metaphysics of the beauty from the conception of art “disinterested”. Knowledge determined by motives gives to the spectator of art the “exciting” and the mere empirical satisfaction, but not the beauty or the sublime. The Genius, most potent and effective representation of the Pure Subjectivity of Knowledge is described in the Book III of The world as will and representation in an apparently ambiguous way: as the Willenlos (free of will), like that free of the storm of the passions and the impetus of desires. But at the same time as that subjected to vehement affections and irrational passions. However, it is, in the aesthetic experience of the genius or the contemplator of art, a disinterested pleasure, a complacency of another order than that of the man of common sense and science. The article then seeks to analyze Schopenhauer’s concept of aesthetic complacency or satisfaction and its roots in Kant’s philosophy.Seguindo os passos de Kant, Schopenhauer erige sua MetafĂsica do belo a partir da concepção de arte “desinteressada”. O conhecimento determinado por motivos proporciona ao espectador da arte o “excitante” e a mera satisfação empĂrica, mas nĂŁo o belo ou o sublime. O gĂŞnio, representação mais potente e eficaz da subjetividade pura do conhecimento, Ă© descrito no Livro III de O mundo como vontade e representação de modo aparentemente ambĂguo: como o Willenlos (isento de vontade), como aquele “livre da tempestade das paixões” e do “Ămpeto dos desejos”. Mas, ao mesmo tempo, como aquele “submetido a afetos veementes e paixões irracionais”. No entanto, trata-se, na vivĂŞncia estĂ©tica do gĂŞnio ou do contemplador da arte, de um prazer desinteressado, de uma complacĂŞncia de outra ordem que a do homem do senso comum e de ciĂŞncia. O artigo procura, entĂŁo, analisar o conceito de complacĂŞncia ou satisfação estĂ©tica em Schopenhauer e seu enraizamento na filosofia de Kant
The history and current status of schopenhauerian studies in Brazil
This work has no abstract
A metafĂsica da morte de Schopenhauer
http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1677-2954.2012v11nesp1p187
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O texto trata da importância e lugar do discurso sobre a morte na filosofia de Arthur Schopenhauer. Procura mostrar que a morte, como outros temas em sua obra, Ă© encarada a partir de dois pontos de vista: o da Representação (o ponto de vista objetivo ou empĂrico) e o da Vontade (subjetivo ou idealista), nos quais o filĂłsofo pretende defender a tese da indestrutibilidade de nossa essĂŞncia. Procura tratar ainda da rejeição schopenhaueriana do suicĂdio e da aparente consolação que marcaria sua metafĂsica da morte