La représentation de l'enfance en danger dans la littérature contemporaine pour la jeunesse

International audienceEn psychologie, l'enfance en danger reste un thème prédominant et préoccupant compte tenu de l'ampleur de cette réalité. L'Office National de l'Enfance en Danger (ONED) mentionne que " le nombre de mineurs bénéficiant d'au moins une mesure de prise en charge [en protection de l'enfance] est estimé à 271 500, soit 18,9 ‰ des moins de 18 ans ". Depuis une trentaine d'années, la littérature pour la jeunesse s'est emparée de ce sujet, tout comme elle l'a progressivement fait par rapport à d'autres thèmes difficiles tels que la mort, le handicap, le racisme, la séparation des parents, la guerre ou les génocides, par exemple. Or, comme l'écrit Laurence Joselin (2008), " la littérature jeunesse représente un outil de transmission de la culture des adultes aux jeunes générations, culture littéraire, mais également culture sociale ". Notre étude, inscrite dans le cadre d'une thèse en psychologie, vise à explorer les représentations de l'enfance en danger dans la littérature de jeunesse en examinant en particulier les spécificités liées aux grandes catégories reconnues de la maltraitance (violences sexuelles et/ou cruauté psychologique et/ou violences physiques et/ou négligences graves). Notre corpus est constitué d'ouvrages destinés à des lecteurs de 5 à 16 ans trouvés grâce aux synopsis présents dans les périodiques spécialisés (" Lecture Jeune " par exemple), par mots-clés sur les sites de certaines maisons d'éditions, ou sur les sites spécialisés (Ricochet...). Nous présenterons les caractéristiques essentielles de notre corpus, de la grille d'analyse progressivement élaborée pour rendre compte de ces représentations, et nous illustrerons notre démarche à partir de l'approche de quelques ouvrages portant sur une thématique spécifique

Combined exposure to parasite and pesticide causes increased mortality in the water flea Daphnia

Organisms are exposed to multiple biotic and abiotic environmental stressors, which can influence the dynamics of individual populations and communities. Populations may also genetically adapt to both natural (e.g. disease) and anthropogenic (e.g. chemical pollution) stress. In the present study, we studied fitness consequences of exposure to both a parasite (i.e. biotic) and a pesticide (i.e. abiotic) for the water flea Daphnia. In addition, we investigated whether these fitness consequences change through time as a population evolves. Thus, we exposed Daphnia magna clones, hatched from dormant eggs isolated from different time layers of a natural dormant egg bank, to the parasite Pasteuria ramosa and the insecticide diazinon in a multifactorial experiment. While our experimental treatments for unknown reasons failed to induce disease symptoms in the Daphnia, we did observe a reduced survival of D. magna when simultaneously exposed to both the parasite and the pesticide. No increased mortality upon exposure to individual stressors was observed. We did not observe an evolutionary change in fitness response of the Daphnia clones hatched from different time horizons upon exposure to stressor

The first-generation Daphnia magna linkage map

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Daphnia magna </it>is a well-established model species in ecotoxicology, ecology and evolution. Several new genomics tools are presently under development for this species; among them, a linkage map is a first requirement for estimating the genetic background of phenotypic traits in quantitative trait loci (QTL) studies and is also very useful in assembling the genome. It also enables comparative studies between <it>D. magna </it>and <it>D. pulex</it>, for which a linkage map already exists.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we describe the first genetic linkage map of <it>D. magna</it>. We generated 214 F2 (intercross) clonal lines as the foundation of the linkage analysis. The linkage map itself is based on 109 microsatellite markers, which produced ten major linkage groups ranging in size from 31.1 cM to 288.5 cM. The total size of this linkage map extends to 1211.6 Kosambi cM, and the average interval for the markers within linkage groups is 15.1 cM. The F2 clones can be used to map QTLs for traits that differ between the parental clones. We successfully mapped the location of two loci with infertility alleles, one inherited from the paternal clone (Iinb1) and the other from the maternal clone (Xinb3).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The <it>D. magna </it>linkage map presented here provides extensive coverage of the genome and a given density of markers that enable us to detect QTLs of moderate to strong effects. It is similar in size to the linkage map of <it>D. pulex</it>.</p

Single nucleotide polymorphism discovery from expressed sequence tags in the waterflea Daphnia magna

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Daphnia </it>(Crustacea: Cladocera) plays a central role in standing aquatic ecosystems, has a well known ecology and is widely used in population studies and environmental risk assessments. <it>Daphnia magna </it>is, especially in Europe, intensively used to study stress responses of natural populations to pollutants, climate change, and antagonistic interactions with predators and parasites, which have all been demonstrated to induce micro-evolutionary and adaptive responses. Although its ecology and evolutionary biology is intensively studied, little is known on the functional genomics underpinning of phenotypic responses to environmental stressors. The aim of the present study was to find genes expressed in presence of environmental stressors, and target such genes for single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) marker development.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We developed three expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries using clonal lineages of <it>D. magna </it>exposed to ecological stressors, namely fish predation, parasite infection and pesticide exposure. We used these newly developed ESTs and other <it>Daphnia </it>ESTs retrieved from NCBI GeneBank to mine for SNP markers targeting synonymous as well as non synonymous genetic variation. We validate the developed SNPs in six natural populations of <it>D. magna </it>distributed at regional scale.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A large proportion (47%) of the produced ESTs are <it>Daphnia </it>lineage specific genes, which are potentially involved in responses to environmental stress rather than to general cellular functions and metabolic activities, or reflect the arthropod's aquatic lifestyle. The characterization of genes expressed under stress and the validation of their SNPs for population genetic study is important for identifying ecologically responsive genes in <it>D. magna</it>.</p

Hospital healthcare utilizers with medical and psychiatric claims in the Netherlands:a nationwide study

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric and medical multimorbidity is associated with low quality of life, poor functioning and excess mortality. Differences in healthcare utilization between those receiving co-occurring medical and psychiatric healthcare (HUMPCs) and those only receiving medical (HUMCs) or only psychiatric healthcare (HUPCs) may indicate differences in care accessibility, help-seeking behavior and the risk patterns of medical illness. We aimed to assess the occurrence of psychiatric diagnostic groups in HUMPCs compared to HUPCs and to compare their medical and psychiatric claims expenditures. METHODS: Using Dutch claims data covering psychiatric and medical hospital care in 2010–2011, healthcare utilization differences between HUMPCs and HUPCs were expressed as differences and ratios, accounting for differences in age and sex between groups. Median claims expenditures were then compared between HUMPCs and HUPCs. RESULTS: HUMPCs had 40% higher median medical cost of claims compared to HUMCs and a 10% increased number of psychiatric claims compared to HUPCs. HUMPCs were more often diagnosed with: organic disorders; behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors; mood [affective] disorders; neurotic, stress related and somatoform disorders; and disorders of adult personality and behavior. By contrast, disorders of psychological development, schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders, behavioral and emotional disorders with usual onset occurring in childhood, and mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance abuse were less often diagnosed in this group. CONCLUSIONS: Both medical and psychiatric disease become more costly where both are present. For HUMPCs the costs of both medical and psychiatric claims for almost all diagnostic groups were higher than for HUPCs and HUMCs