CIVIL JURISDICTION, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND THE INTERNET

At the core of the civil litigation system is the notion of jurisdiction. In a narrow sense it refers to whether a court has the authority to hear a case in relation to specific people and activities (subject matter) but in a broader sense it also encompasses what law should be applied (choice of law), whether the court is a suitable court to hear the case (choice of court) and the enforcement of judgements. The notion of jurisdiction provides a tool for efficiently managing litigation and traditionally has been based upon notions of connection to a particular territory. In the global transnational world of the Internet the concept of jurisdiction has struggled to find a sensible meaning.1 Does jurisdiction lie everywhere that the Internet runs or is it more narrowly defined? In this chapter we examine recent cases concerning jurisdiction and the Internet before the courts of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in matters relating to intellectual property. We also consider decisions in Australia and the United States of America (US) and international developments in the area

Are midwives in the Netherlands satisfied with their jobs? A systematic examination of satisfaction levels among hospital and primary-care midwives in the Netherlands

Abstract Background Job satisfaction is generally considered to be an important element of work quality and workplace relations. Little is known about levels of job satisfaction among hospital and primary-care midwives in the Netherlands. Proposed changes to the maternity care system in the Netherlands should consider how the working conditions of midwives affect their job satisfaction. Aim We aimed to measure and compare job satisfaction among hospital and primary-care midwives in the Netherlands. Methods Online survey of all practising midwives in the Netherlands using a validated measure of job satisfaction (the Leiden Quality of Work Questionnaire) to analyze the attitudes of hospital and primary-care midwives about their work. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to assess differences between the two groups. Results Approximately one in six of all practising midwives in the Netherlands responded to our survey (hospital midwives n = 103, primary-care midwives n = 405). All midwives in our survey were satisfied with their work (n = 508). However, significant differences emerged between hospital and primary-care midwives in terms of what was most important to them in relation to their job satisfaction. For hospital midwives, the most significant domains were: working hours per week, workplace agreements, and total years of experience. For primary-care midwives, social support at work, work demands, job autonomy, and the influence of work on their private life were most significant. Conclusion Although midwives were generally satisfied, differences emerged in the key predictors of job satisfaction between hospital and primary-care midwives. These differences could be of importance when planning workforce needs and should be taken into consideration by policymakers in the Netherlands and elsewhere when planning new models of care.https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/152154/1/12913_2019_Article_4454.pd

Trends in postpartum hemorrhage and manual removal of the placenta and the association with childbirth interventions: A Dutch nationwide cohort study

Background: Because the cause of increasing rates of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and manual placental removal (MROP) is still unknown, we described trends in PPH, MROP, and childbirth interventions and examined factors associated with changes in rates of PPH and MROP. Methods: This nationwide cohort study used national perinatal registry data from 2000 to 2014 (n = 2,332,005). We included births of women who gave birth to a term singleton child in obstetrician-led care or midwife-led care. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between characteristics and interventions, and PPH ≥ 1000 mL and MROP. Results: PPH rates increased from 4.3% to 6.6% in obstetrician-led care and from 2.5% to 4.8% in midwife-led care. MROP rates increased from 2.4% to 3.4% and from 1.0% to 1.4%, respectively. A rising trend was found for rates of induction and augmentation of labor, pain medication, and cesarean section, while rates of episiotomy and assisted vaginal birth declined. Adjustments for characteristics and childbirth interventions did not result in large changes in the trends of PPH and MROP. After adjustments for childbirth interventions, in obstetrician-led care, the odds ratio (OR) of PPH in 2014 compared with the reference year 2000 changed from 1.66 (95% CI 1.57–1.76) to 1.64 (1.55–1.73) among nulliparous women and from 1.56 (1.47–1.66) to 1.52 (1.44–1.62) among multiparous women. For MROP, the ORs changed from 1.51 (1.38–1.64) to 1.36 (1.25–1.49) and from 1.56 (1.42–1.71) to 1.45 (1.33–1.59), respectively. Conclusions: Rising PPH trends were not associated with changes in population characteristics and rising childbirth intervention rates. The rising MROP was to some extent associated with rising intervention rates

Zwanger en te zwaar: thuis in de eerste lijn?: multipariteit heeft positieve invloed op uitkomsten van obese

Een verwijsindicatie voor de bevalling bij een multipara enkel op indicatie van obesitas klasse II-III lijkt niet noodzakelijk en dus niet de juiste zorg voor deze groep vrouwen. Dit concluderen de auteurs op grond van twee onderzoeken over de perinatale uitkomsten van laagrisicovrouwen in relatie tot hun BMI en pariteit

Maternal and perinatal outcomes among haemoglobinopathy carriers: A systematic review

International audienceBackground: With the introduction of screening programs for haemoglobinopathies, more women will be aware of their HbP status. Midwives and obstetricians need to know whether pregnant HbP carriers have any special needs besides the genetic risk. The objective was to investigate the hypothesis that being a carrier of HbP has no consequences for the health of pregnant women and the outcome of their pregnancies. Methods: A systematic search was carried out until august 2008 in the Cochrane Library; Medline; EMBASE and CINAHL databases. All references were inspected to identify further studies. The authors of key-publications were contacted for any unpublished research. Selection criteria: Cohort and case control studies, pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy. Exposure: HbAS or thalassaemia minor. Outcomes: urinary tract infection, anaemia, (pre-)eclampsia, gestational diabetes, premature labour, low birth weight, intra- uterine growth retardation, miscarriage, neonatal death, low apgar score, neural tube defects. Quality assessment and data extraction were carried out by two researchers. Results: 780 Studies were identified of which nine were included in the study. A protective effect of sickle cell trait was found for premature birth, low apgar score and perinatal mortality rate. No significant effect was found for low birth weight, growth retardation, urinary tract infection or high blood pressure. The risk of anaemia and bacteriuria was increased. Conclusions: The risks among pregnant HbP carriers are low. Midwives and obstetricians need to be aware of the risk of anaemia and urinary tract infection

Decline in home births associated with faster increase in trend of postpartum haemorrhage and manual removal of the placenta

In this study we explored the relationship between home birth rates and increasing rates of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) and manual removal of the placenta (MROP). Data were used from the Dutch national perinatal registry (2000–2014) of women in midwife-led care. Adjusting for place of birth flattened the increasing trends of PPH and MROP. By adjusting for place of birth, the rising trend of MROP among multiparous women disappeared. This suggests that if home birth rates had not declined, PPH and MROP rates might not have increased as much. This study supports policies of enabling women to choose home births.</p

Women’s characteristics and care outcomes of caseload midwifery care in the Netherlands: a retrospective cohort study

Background: The maternity care system in the Netherlands is well known for its support of community-based midwifery. However, regular midwifery practices typically do not offer caseload midwifery care – one-to-one continuity of care throughout pregnancy and birth. Because we know very little about the outcomes for women receiving caseload care in the Netherlands, we compared caseload care with regular midwife-led care, looking at maternal and perinatal outcomes, including antenatal and intrapartum referrals to secondary (i.e., obstetrician-led) care. Methods: We selected 657 women in caseload care and 1954 matched controls (women in regular midwife-led care) from all women registered in the Dutch Perinatal Registry (Perined) who gave birth in 2015. To be eligible for selection the women had to be in midwife-led antenatal care beyond 28 gestational weeks. Each woman in caseload care was matched with three women in regular midwife-led care, using parity, maternal age, background (Dutch or non-Dutch) and region. These two cohorts were compared for referral rates, mode of birth, and other maternal and perinatal outcomes. Results: In caseload midwifery care, 46.9% of women were referred to obstetrician-led care (24.2% antenatally and 22.8% in the intrapartum period). In the matched cohort, 65.7% were referred (37.4% antenatally and 28.3% in the intrapartum period). In caseload care, 84.0% experienced a spontaneous vaginal birth versus 77.0% in regular midwife-led care. These patterns were observed for both nulliparous and multiparous women. Women in caseload care had fewer inductions of labour (13.2% vs 21.0%), more homebirths (39.4% vs 16.1%) and less perineal damage (intact perineum: 41.3% vs 28.2%). The incidence of perinatal mortality and a low Apgar score was low in both groups. Conclusions: We found that when compared to regular midwife-led care, caseload midwifery care in the Netherlands is associated with a lower referral rate to obstetrician-led care – both antenatally and in the intrapartum period – and a higher spontaneous vaginal birth rate, with similar perinatal safety. The challenge is to include this model as part of the current effort to improve the quality of Dutch maternity care, making caseload care available and affordable for more women

Women’s characteristics and care outcomes of caseload midwifery care in the Netherlands: a retrospective cohort study

Abstract Background The maternity care system in the Netherlands is well known for its support of community-based midwifery. However, regular midwifery practices typically do not offer caseload midwifery care – one-to-one continuity of care throughout pregnancy and birth. Because we know very little about the outcomes for women receiving caseload care in the Netherlands, we compared caseload care with regular midwife-led care, looking at maternal and perinatal outcomes, including antenatal and intrapartum referrals to secondary (i.e., obstetrician-led) care. Methods We selected 657 women in caseload care and 1954 matched controls (women in regular midwife-led care) from all women registered in the Dutch Perinatal Registry (Perined) who gave birth in 2015. To be eligible for selection the women had to be in midwife-led antenatal care beyond 28 gestational weeks. Each woman in caseload care was matched with three women in regular midwife-led care, using parity, maternal age, background (Dutch or non-Dutch) and region. These two cohorts were compared for referral rates, mode of birth, and other maternal and perinatal outcomes. Results In caseload midwifery care, 46.9% of women were referred to obstetrician-led care (24.2% antenatally and 22.8% in the intrapartum period). In the matched cohort, 65.7% were referred (37.4% antenatally and 28.3% in the intrapartum period). In caseload care, 84.0% experienced a spontaneous vaginal birth versus 77.0% in regular midwife-led care. These patterns were observed for both nulliparous and multiparous women. Women in caseload care had fewer inductions of labour (13.2% vs 21.0%), more homebirths (39.4% vs 16.1%) and less perineal damage (intact perineum: 41.3% vs 28.2%). The incidence of perinatal mortality and a low Apgar score was low in both groups. Conclusions We found that when compared to regular midwife-led care, caseload midwifery care in the Netherlands is associated with a lower referral rate to obstetrician-led care – both antenatally and in the intrapartum period – and a higher spontaneous vaginal birth rate, with similar perinatal safety. The challenge is to include this model as part of the current effort to improve the quality of Dutch maternity care, making caseload care available and affordable for more women.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/173652/1/12884_2020_Article_3204.pd

Women's characteristics and care outcomes of caseload midwifery care in the Netherlands:a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundThe maternity care system in the Netherlands is well known for its support of community-based midwifery. However, regular midwifery practices typically do not offer caseload midwifery care - one-to-one continuity of care throughout pregnancy and birth. Because we know very little about the outcomes for women receiving caseload care in the Netherlands, we compared caseload care with regular midwife-led care, looking at maternal and perinatal outcomes, including antenatal and intrapartum referrals to secondary (i.e., obstetrician-led) care.MethodsWe selected 657 women in caseload care and 1954 matched controls (women in regular midwife-led care) from all women registered in the Dutch Perinatal Registry (Perined) who gave birth in 2015. To be eligible for selection the women had to be in midwife-led antenatal care beyond 28 gestational weeks. Each woman in caseload care was matched with three women in regular midwife-led care, using parity, maternal age, background (Dutch or non-Dutch) and region. These two cohorts were compared for referral rates, mode of birth, and other maternal and perinatal outcomes.ResultsIn caseload midwifery care, 46.9% of women were referred to obstetrician-led care (24.2% antenatally and 22.8% in the intrapartum period). In the matched cohort, 65.7% were referred (37.4% antenatally and 28.3% in the intrapartum period). In caseload care, 84.0% experienced a spontaneous vaginal birth versus 77.0% in regular midwife-led care. These patterns were observed for both nulliparous and multiparous women. Women in caseload care had fewer inductions of labour (13.2% vs 21.0%), more homebirths (39.4% vs 16.1%) and less perineal damage (intact perineum: 41.3% vs 28.2%). The incidence of perinatal mortality and a low Apgar score was low in both groups.ConclusionsWe found that when compared to regular midwife-led care, caseload midwifery care in the Netherlands is associated with a lower referral rate to obstetrician-led care - both antenatally and in the intrapartum period - and a higher spontaneous vaginal birth rate, with similar perinatal safety. The challenge is to include this model as part of the current effort to improve the quality of Dutch maternity care, making caseload care available and affordable for more women