Effects of derived meals from juncea (Brassica juncea), yellow and black seeded canola (Brassica napus) and multicarbohydrase enzymes supplementation on apparent metabolizable energy in broiler chickens

Two experiments were conducted to determine the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of differently processed meals from Juncea (Brassica juncea), yellow and black seeded canola (Brassica napus), with or without supplementation of multi-carbohydrase enzymes (Enz) in diets for broiler chickens. The first experiment was a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the main factors being seed type (yellow [Yellow] or black [B1] canola seeds and Juncea seeds), processed at two temperatures (high temperature desolventized-toasted [HTDT] at 95°C or low temperature desolventized-toasted [LTDT] at 57°C), with or without Enz. In Exp. 1, a total of 384 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 64 battery cages, with 6 birds/cage. The second experiment was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the main factors being seed type (Yellow or black [B2]), seed source (Scott, Saskatchewan or Truro, Nova Scotia) and Enz (with or without) supplementation. A total of 264 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 44 battery cages, with 6 birds per cage. In Exp. 1 and 2, all birds were fed a common starter diet from 1 to 14 days of age. From d 15 to 21, the birds were fed one of the test treatments, a basal grower diet or the basal grower diet replaced with 30% test ingredient with celite (0.8%) added as an inert marker. Excreta was collected on d 20 and 21. In Exp. 1, there were no interactions (P > 0.05) among seed type, processing temperature and Enz. Processing temperature and dietary Enz did not affect (P > 0.05) AMEn of different canola meals. The AMEn of prepress solvent extracted canola and juncea meals (PSEM) from Yellow (11.2 MJ/kg) was higher (P  0.05) among seed color, location and Enz. Supplementation of dietary Enz did not affect (P > 0.05) AMEn of different cold press canola meals. The AMEn of cold press canola meals (CPM) from Yellow (14.7 MJ/kg) was higher (P < 0.05) compared with B2 (12.2 MJ/kg). In conclusion, among the different processing methods of oil extraction, meals derived from yellow seeded canola had higher AMEn than B seeded canola and Juncea

Effect of dietary energy density and folic acid supplementation on white striping occurrence and growth performance of broiler chickens

Broilers were allocated to eight treatments consisting of two energy levels: Normal (NE) and High (HE), and four folic acid (FA) levels (2.2, 5, 10 and 15 ppm). On d 42, two male and two female chickens were euthanized per pen and white striping (WS) evaluation was performed on the Pectoralis major. Birds fed HE diets had reduced (PThe accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Effect of Oat Hulls Incorporated in the Diet or Fed as Free Choice on Growth Performance, Carcass Yield, Gut Morphology and Digesta Short Chain Fatty Acids of Broiler Chickens

The use of high fiber agricultural byproducts in poultry nutrition can help not only to reduce feed cost but also to promote gastrointestinal functionality and growth performance and enhance environmental sustainability. This study was conducted to examine the effect of oat hulls (OH) incorporated in the diet or fed as free choice on growth performance, intestinal morphology, cecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Day old broiler chickens were assigned to 4 dietary treatment groups which consisted of a corn&ndash;soybean meal&ndash;wheat based diet (Basal), Basal + bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD), Basal + 3% OH (3% OH) and Basal + free choice OH (FCOH). Each group had six replicate pens of 27 chicks and were raised for 39 d. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined weekly for each pen. One chicken/pen was slaughtered on d 36 to determine organ weights, jejunal morphology, digesta pH and cecal SCFA and two chickens/pen were slaughtered on d 39 to determine carcass weight and yield. Diet had no effect on FI, except on d 28, when the FCOH group had higher FI than the 3% OH groups. During the starter phase, chickens fed 3% OH had the highest BWG and lowest FCR, which were significantly different (p &lt; 0.05) from those fed FCOH. Chickens fed 3% OH had the highest slaughter, hot carcass, and cold carcass weights, which were significantly different (p &lt; 0.05) from those fed FCOH. Diet had no effect on jejunal villus height and crypt depth, ileal and cecal digesta pH, and cecal SCFA. Chickens fed FCOH had a larger (p &lt; 0.0001) gizzard weight and showed a tendency to have a larger (p = 0.09) ceca weight than other treatment groups. In conclusion, the inclusion of 3% OH in an antibiotic-free diet has the potential to enhance growth performance, while free choice OH increases the gizzard weight of broiler chickens

Effect of photoperiod during incubation on embryonic temperature, hatch traits, and performance of 2 commercial broiler strains

ABSTRACT: Provision of light during incubation has shown the potential to enhance hatching traits and affect posthatch productivity, physiology, and behavior. In this study, 2 repeated trials were conducted to investigate the effect of photoperiod and strain on the embryo temperature, hatching traits and posthatch growth performance of 2 commercial strains of broilers (Ross 308 and Cobb 500). In each trial, hatching eggs were randomly distributed into 6 incubators with 3 photoperiod treatments: blue LED light for 12 h d−1 (12L:12D) or 18 h d−1 (18L:6D) during entire incubation were compared with no illumination condition (DARK). Data were analyzed as a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with the trial as the blocking factor. Embryos incubated under 12L:12D and 18L:6D had lower air cell temperature (P < 0.05) than the DARK embryos from d 13 of incubation onward except on the day of candling. The response of air cell temperature to periodic illumination differed between 2 strains. Cobb embryos had lower air cell temperature in 12L:12D than those incubated with 18L:6D from d 16 of incubation onward, whereas lower air cell temperature was found in Ross embryos when illuminated with 18L:6D photoperiod compared to those under 12L:12D. The 12L:12D treatment was associated with improved (P < 0.05) navel closure condition of hatchlings. There were no differences in hatchability, embryo mortality, body weight, or length at hatch among photoperiod groups or its combination with strain. No differences in production parameters were found between DARK and illuminated groups. However, 12L:12D had heavier (P < 0.05) body weight on d 14 of age and higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain than 18L:6D from d 7 to 14 of age. The results of this study indicate that providing blue LED light up to 18 h d−1 has no detrimental effect on production of broilers, however, 12L:12D light regime improved chick quality at hatch compared to DARK and resulted in heavier birds by d 14 compared to 18L:6D

Nutritional evaluation of seal by-products as an alternative protein source for monogastric animals

Seal by-products (grey seal with the bone in, grey seal with the bone removed and harp seal) were subjected to five different processing methods: high (100C) and low (45C) temperature oven drying, freeze drying (FD), silage by acid or natural fermentation. Growth performance of diets containing these seal by-products was evaluated in rats as a monogastric model species. With the exception of naturally fermented grey seal without bone, weight gains for rats fed the boneless grey seal products were highest of the seal products (24.65-30.04 g/rat) and statistically similar to those of rats fed casein (32.15 g/rat). An in vivo crude protein digestibility study was conducted using 12 adult white rats in metabolic cages that allowed separate collection of urine and feces. The 16% CP diets contained chromic oxide as an inert fecal marker at 0.5%. Total fecal and urine production as well as feed and water intake were recorded daily within the three experimental periods. Digestibility of CP was significantly higher for the natural fermented grey seal without bone silage (94.0%) than casein (89.0%), whereas the other seal products were statistically similar (91.7-92.7%). Seal by-products have the potential to be used as high protein feedstuffs in monogastric diets.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Seaweed, Heat Stress and Genetic Strain on Performance, Plasma Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in Laying Hens

This study was planned to investigate the effects of seaweed supplementation, genetic strain, heat stress and their interactions on laying hen performances, blood chemistry and hematology. In a short-term trial, laying hens of the two genetic lines Lohman LSL-Lite (White) and Lohman Brown-Lite (Brown) were supplemented with Chondrus crispus (CC) at 3% for 21 days, while a control group was not. In a long-term trial, the same two strains were assigned to control (0%), 3% red seaweed Chondrus crispus (CC) or 0.5% brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (AN)-supplemented diets for 41 weeks, concluding with a four-week control or heat-stress period. The White hens displayed higher egg production and a lower feed/egg ratio. The short-term inclusion of CC significantly reduced the feed intake, weight gain and feed/egg ratio. The long-term seaweed intake affected the plasma albumin and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (p &lt; 0.05), and there were significant strain-heat stress interactions; heat stress in the Brown birds was associated with reduced protein, globulin and glucose and increased cholesterol and GGT levels and higher heterophil-to-lymphocyte (H/L) ratios (p &lt; 0.05) in response to heat stress (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, a long-term seaweed supplementation affected the plasma protein and enzyme profiles, yet had little effect on hen leukocyte counts and the overall performance

Meal residual oil level and heat treatment after oil extraction affects the nutritive value of expeller pressed canola meal for broiler chickens

This experiment determined the effects of expeller pressed canola meal (EPCM) residual oil (10 vs 14%) and heat treatment at 115 ยบC for 25 minutes on the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) value and amino acid (AA) digestibility for broilers. Day old male chicks (6 per cage) were fed 6 test diets (5 cages per diet) from 14 to 21 days using the substitution method in a 2x2 factorial design. Increasing EPCM oil content from 10 to 14% increased (PThe accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Systemic and Airway Epigenetic Disruptions Are Associated with Health Status in COPD

Epigenetic modifications are common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, their clinical relevance is largely unknown. We hypothesized that epigenetic disruptions are associated with symptoms and health status in COPD. We profiled the blood (n = 57) and airways (n = 62) of COPD patients for DNA methylation (n = 55 paired). The patients’ health status was assessed using the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). We conducted differential methylation analyses and identified pathways characterized by epigenetic disruptions associated with SGRQ scores and its individual domains. 29,211 and 5044 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) were associated with total SGRQ scores in blood and airway samples, respectively. The activity, impact, and symptom domains were associated with 9161, 25,689 and 17,293 DMPs in blood, respectively; and 4674, 3730 and 5063 DMPs in airways, respectively. There was a substantial overlap of DMPs between airway and blood. DMPs were enriched for pathways related to common co-morbidities of COPD (e.g., ageing, cancer and neurological) in both tissues. Health status in COPD is associated with airway and systemic epigenetic changes especially in pathways related to co-morbidities of COPD. There are more blood DMPs than in the airways suggesting that blood epigenome is a promising source to discover biomarkers for clinical outcomes in COPD

Microbial dysbiosis and the host airway epithelial response: insights into HIV-associated COPD using multi’omics profiling

Abstract Background People living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risk of developing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) independent of cigarette smoking. We hypothesized that dysbiosis in PLWH is associated with epigenetic and transcriptomic disruptions in the airway epithelium. Methods Airway epithelial brushings were collected from 18 COPD + HIV + , 16 COPD − HIV + , 22 COPD + HIV − and 20 COPD – HIV − subjects. The microbiome, methylome, and transcriptome were profiled using 16S sequencing, Illumina Infinium Methylation EPIC chip, and RNA sequencing, respectively. Multi ‘omic integration was performed using Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker discovery using Latent cOmponents. A correlation > 0.7 was used to identify key interactions between the ’omes. Results The COPD + HIV −, COPD −HIV + , and COPD + HIV + groups had reduced Shannon Diversity (p = 0.004, p = 0.023, and p = 5.5e−06, respectively) compared to individuals with neither COPD nor HIV, with the COPD + HIV + group demonstrating the most reduced diversity. Microbial communities were significantly different between the four groups (p = 0.001). Multi ‘omic integration identified correlations between Bacteroidetes Prevotella, genes FUZ, FASTKD3, and ACVR1B, and epigenetic features CpG-FUZ and CpG-PHLDB3. Conclusion PLWH with COPD manifest decreased diversity and altered microbial communities in their airway epithelial microbiome. The reduction in Prevotella in this group was linked with epigenetic and transcriptomic disruptions in host genes including FUZ, FASTKD3, and ACVR1B