Kinetic theory and thermalization of weakly interacting fermions

Weakly interacting quantum fluids allow for a natural kinetic theory description which takes into account the fermionic or bosonic nature of the interacting particles. In the simplest cases, one arrives at the Boltzmann-Nordheim equations for the reduced density matrix of the fluid. We discuss here two related topics: the kinetic theory of the fermionic Hubbard model, in which conservation of total spin results in an additional Vlasov type term in the Boltzmann equation, and the relation between kinetic theory and thermalization.Comment: 19 pages, submitted to proceedings of the conference "Macroscopic Limits of Quantum Systems", Munich, Germany, March 20-April 1, 2017 (eds. D. Cadamuro, M. Duell, W. Dybalski, S. Simonella

Controlling land they call their own: access and women's empowerment in Northern Tanzania

Formal rights to land are often promoted as an essential part of empowering women, particularly in the Global South. We look at two grassroots non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working on land rights and empowerment with Maasai communities in Northern Tanzania. Women involved with both NGOS attest to the power of land ownership for personal empowerment and transformations in gender relations. Yet very few have obtained land ownership titles. Drawing from Ribot and Peluso’s theory of access, we argue that more than ownership rights to land, access–to land, knowledge, social relations and political processes–is leading to empowerment for these women, as well as helping to keep land within communities. We illustrate how the following are key to both empowerment processes and protecting community and women’s land: (1) access to knowledge about legal rights, such as the right to own land; (2) access to customary forms of authority; and (3) access to a joint social identity–as women, as indigenous people, and as Maasai. Through this shared identity and access to knowledge and authority, women are strengthening their access to social relations (amongst themselves, with powerful political players and NGOs), and gaining strength through collective action to protect land rights

Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar IPS Melalui Model Pembelajaran Jigsaw Di Kelas V SD Negeri Growong Kidul 02 Juwana

Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah rendahnya hasil belajar mata pelajaran IPS pada siswakelas V SDN Growong Kidul 02 Kecamatan Juwana Kabupaten Pati. Faktor penyebab rendahnyahasil belajar dikarenakan siswa kurang memperhatikan penjelasaan guru, masih banyak siswa yangkurang memperhatikan pelajaran. Tidak tepatnya penggunaan model pembelajaran serta mediapembelajaran dengan materi pokok yang diajarkan dalam pembelajaran, siswa kurang aktif terlibatdalam kegiatan pembelajaran baik fisik maupun emosional. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebutdapat dirumuskan masalah sebagai berikut: Apakah melalui model pembelajaran Jigsaw dapatmeningkatkan hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas V SD Negeri Growong Kidul 02 Semester Ganjil TahunAjaran 2015/2016? Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas VSD Negeri Growong Kidul 02 Semester Ganjil Tahun Ajaran 2015/2016. Penelitian ini merupakanpenelitian tindakan kelas menggunakan model pembelajaran Jigsaw dengan langkah perencanaan,tindakan dan observasi, refleksi yang dilaksanakan dengan dua siklus. Subjek dalam penelitianini adalah siswa kelas V SD Negeri Growong Kidul 02 yang berjumlah 28 siswa, terdiri dari 13siswa laki-laki dan 15 siswa perempuan dengan karakteristik yang heterogen. Teknik analisis datayang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif kuantitatif untuk menganalisis hasilbelajar berupa nilai tes dan data hasil observasi yang terdiri dari data observasi terhadap aktivitasguru, dan aktivitas siswa. Kemudian peneliti melakukan teknik analisis deskriptif komparatifyakni dengan membandingkan data yang diperoleh selama prasiklus, siklus I, dan siklus II. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan model Pembelajaran Jigsaw dapat meningkatkanhasil belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran IPS. Peningkatan ini ditunjukkan oleh rerata hasil tes siswapada kondisi awal adalah 61 dengan tingkat ketuntasan klasikal 42,85% menjadi 74 nilai reratanyadengan ketuntasan klasikal 71,43% pada siklus I dan meningkat pada siklus II dengan nilai rerata83 dengan tingkat ketuntasan klasikal 92,86%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkanbahwa penggunaan model pembelajaran Jigsaw dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar mata pelajaranIPS siswa kelas V SDN

The role of recorded and verbal information in health information systems: A case study of the Expanded Program on Immunization in Mozambique

Background: There is ongoing interest in strengthening the informational component of the EPI as a mean to enhance the efficacy of service delivery. As developing country governments make significant investments in strengthening health information systems, benefits obtained from these initiatives tend to be below their potential. To improve this, it is argued that such systems need to take into account both formal (documented) and informal forms of information. Objective: This study measures the accuracy of people-based information with information recorded in the \"Road to Health Card\". Methods: 840 mothers were screened in a cross sectional study. Information about measles immunization status as documented in the Road to Health card was compared to mothers\' verbal information. The pattern of these answers among mothers presenting the card was compared with those among mothers without the card. Results: Measles vaccine information was 95.7% sensitive and 80.0% specific. Measles vaccination positive answer was 10.0% higher among mothers without the card. In the sample of mothers without the vaccination card, only 2.0% never received a card, 53.0% had forgotten to bring it, and the remaining 44.0% had lost it. Conclusion: A key implication of these findings is the need to develop a mother-specific information system that is based at the facility, and an integration of the verbal and tacit information sources while designing the information system. Further recommendation concerns the need to have more targeted information and education programs about the importance of the Road to Health Cards, especially focused for less educated mothers.The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development Vol. 21 (2) 2007: pp. 136-14

Defining hydraulic connections in OL-KR6 area at Olkiluoto by means of interference test and suggestions to the hydrogeological modelling of the area

Abstract. Posiva is responsible for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel of its’ owners TVO and Fortum. Final disposal will be carried out at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. The object of this thesis was to verify the hydraulic connections on the northern parts of the Olkiluoto Island by means of an interference test. The current hydrogeological model of Olkiluoto is not able to explain all of the observations gathered during the long-term pumping test in OL-KR6. During this thesis, an interference test was planned to verify the hydraulic connections in the area. The equipment used in the interference test was especially designed for this purpose. The equipment incorporated old components from earlier pumping tests together with some components from the Posiva Flow Log (PFL) equipment. Hydraulic responses were observed from the hydraulic head data of the surrounding drillholes. In addition to aforementioned observations, an automatic hydraulic head monitoring system was installed in multilevel piezometer OL-EP4. Some results gathered from the long-term pumping test on OL-KR6 between 2013 and 2019 were also presented and discussed in this thesis. Part of the thesis was being involved in the field work on the installations during an interference test. Observations of hydraulic responses were anlysed with mathematical methods. These methods have also been used in earlier evaluations of Olkiluoto data by Posiva. The most remarkable result gathered from this thesis was the hypothesis of a horizontal fracturing at the upper parts of the bedrock, at least on the northern parts of the Olkiluoto Island. Some indications of this kind of horizontal fracturing have also been observed earlier. This thesis verifies these observations. Based on this thesis, some natural fluctuation corrections could be reviewed. The thesis could also offer some help in the estimation of the effects on the groundwater system caused by Korvensuo reservoir and the rock crushing area. On the other hand, the hypothesis of the horizontal fracture network can be verified in the future in the other tectonic areas on Olkiluoto by means of pumping and interference tests. In the future, the results of this thesis can be utilised in the hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical modelling. They could also be utilised in future safety assessments of the disposal of nuclear waste, and in modelling the recovery of Olkiluoto’s groundwater system to a natural state after the final disposal project has ended and the open volumes in bedrock are closed.Hydraulisten yhteyksien määritys vuorovaikutuskokeen avulla OL-K R6:n alueella Olkiluodossa ja kehitysehdotukset alueen hydrogeologista mallinnusta varten. Tiivistelmä. Posiva Oy vastaa omistajiensa TVO:n ja Fortumin käytetyn ydinpolttoaineen loppusijoituksesta. Loppusijoitus tullaan toteuttamaan Olkiluodon saarella Eurajoen kunnassa. Työn tavoitteena oli varmentaa Olkiluodon saaren pohjoisosan hydrogeologista mallia vuorovaikutuskokeen avulla. Alueen nykyinen hydrogeologinen malli ei täysin selitä alueella toteutetun OL-KR6:n pitkäaikaispumppauskokeen havaintoja. Työn aikana laadittiin suunnitelma vuorovaikutuskokeesta, jonka tavoitteena oli varmentaa alueen hydrogeologisia yhteyksiä. Työssä käytettiin erityisesti tätä vuorovaikutuskoetta varten suunniteltua laitteistoa, jossa hyödynnettiin aiemmissa pumppauskokeissa käytettyä kalustoa, sekä osia Posiva Flow Log (PFL) -laitteistosta. Mahdollisia hydraulisia vasteita tarkkailtiin ympäröivien kairareikien painekorkeusdatasta. Lisäksi vuorovaikutuskoetta varten asennettiin uusi painekorkeuden automaattinen seurantapiste eritasopietsometri OL-EP4:lle. Työssä myös raportoitiin osa OL-KR6:n pitkäaikaispumppauskokeen tuloksista vuosilta 2013–2019. Osa tätä opinnäytetyötä oli olla mukana kenttätöissä ja laitteistoasennuksissa vuorovaikutuskokeen aikana. Painevasteiden analysointi vuorovaikutuskokeen aikana toteutettiin matemaattisesti Posivan aiemmin hyödyntämällä tavalla. Tärkein työstä saatu tulos oli, että Olkiluodon kallioperän yläosissa, ainakin pohjoisosissa saarta, esiintyy laaja-alaista horisontaalisuuntaista rakoilua. Viitteitä tällaisesta laajasta horisontaalisesta rakoilusta kallioperän yläosissa on jo aiemminkin saatu, mutta tämä opinnäytetyö vahvistaa aiempia tuloksia ja toimii yhtenä uutena merkittävänä lähtötietona Olkiluodon tuleville paikkamalliversioille. Työn perusteella pohjaveden painekorkeuden luonnollisia korjauskertoimia voidaan mahdollisesti tarkastella uudelleen, sekä voidaan tarkentaa esimerkiksi louheen läjitysalueen ja Korvensuon altaan vaikutuksia Olkiluodon pohjavesisysteemiin. Toisaalta hypoteesia Olkiluodon kallioperän yläosan vaakarakoilun suhteen voidaan todentaa myös Olkiluodon muiden tektonisten vyöhykkeiden alueella toteutettavilla pumppaus- ja vuorovaikutuskokeilla. Tulevaisuudessa tätä hypoteesia voidaan hyödyntää hydrogeologisessa ja hydrogeokemiallisessa mallinnuksessa. Työn tuloksia voidaan mahdollisesti hyödyntää myös ydinjätteen loppusijoituksen tulevissa turvallisuusperusteluissa. Osaltaan tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää myös myöhemmin, kun pyritään mallintamaan Olkiluodon hydrogeologisten ja hydrogeokemiallisten ominaisuuksien palautumista loppusijoitustilojen sulkemisen jälkeen

Wireless mains sensor for monitoring domestic energy consumption

Abstract. Past studies have shown that awareness of energy consumption can lead to reduction in electricity usage and that real-time, per-appliance data on electricity consumption would provide greater utility and actionable information. Yet, the customers of today’s utility companies typically have to be content with data that is aggregated, delayed and difficult to access. Comprehensive real-time data would also aid in optimizing energy consumption with respect to dynamic pricing and avoiding peak consumption periods. The objective of this thesis was to design and manufacture a wireless sensor for continuous and real-time metering of the energy consumption of a household in the UBI-AMI system version 2. The resulting Mains sensor reads the total energy consumption from the kilowatt hour meter using either a galvanic or an optical connection. The individual loads of the fuses in the circuit breaker panel are measured with Hall sensors. An 8-bit microcontroller collects analog measurements, conducts 10-bit ADC and transmits the resulting digital data to the UBI-AMI system using a commercial 6LoWPAN radio module and the CoAP protocol. The data enables the differentiation of the energy consumption of integrated and built-in elements such as floor heating and sauna from the total energy consumption of the household. The Mains sensor was tested with a demonstrator that comprised of a fuse board, a kilowatt hour meter and sockets for connecting loads. The Mains sensor was found to be flawless in reading the total energy consumption from the kilowatt hour meter using a galvanic connection. The sensor was able to read 84% of fast pulses and showed 4% surplus with slow pulses if the optical connection was used. The Hall sensors had a maximum average error of 0.47% with an active power, in comparison to a commercial energy meter. These results show that the Mains sensor provides sufficiently accurate and reliable information for improving the awareness of energy consumption of a household.Langaton sähköpäätaulusensori kotitalouden energiankulutuksen seuraamiseen. Tiivistelmä. Tutkimusten mukaan tietoisuus energiankulutuksesta voi johtaa sähkön käytön vähenemiseen, ja että tosiaikainen, laitekohtainen kulutustieto olisi hyödyllisempää. Silti nykyisin sähköyhtiöiden asiakkaiden täytyy tyypillisesti tyytyä kulutustietoihin, jotka on kerätty kokonaiskulutuksesta, ovat käytettävissä viiveellä, ja joihin on vaikea päästä käsiksi. Kattava tosiaikainen informaatio myös auttaisi huippukulutuskausien välttämisessä ja energiankulutuksen optimoinnissa dynaamisen hinnoittelun suhteen. Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli suunnitella ja valmistaa langaton sensori kotitalouden energiankulutuksen jatkuvaan ja tosiaikaiseen mittaukseen osana UBI-AMI-järjestelmän versiota 2. Syntynyt sähköpäätaulusensori lukee kokonaisenergiankulutuksen kilowattituntimittarista joko galvaanista tai optista yhteyttä käyttäen. Yksittäiset ryhmäkohtaiset kuormat mitataan sulaketaulusta Hallin antureilla. 8-bittinen mikrokontrolleri kerää analogiset mittaukset ja muuntaa ne digitaaliseksi dataksi, joka lähetetään UBI-AMI-järjestelmälle käyttäen kaupallista 6LoWPAN-radiomoduulia ja CoAP-protokollaa. Mittausdata mahdollistaa integroitujen ja kiinteästi asennettujen sähkölaitteiden, esimerkiksi lattialämmityksen ja saunan, energiankulutuksen eriyttämisen kotitalouden kokonaiskulutuksesta. Sähköpäätaulusensorin toiminta arvioitiin testilaitteistolla, joka koostui sulaketaulusta, kilowattituntimittarista ja pistorasioista kuormien liittämistä varten. Sähköpäätaulusensorin havaittiin lukevan kokonaisenergiankulutuksen kilowattituntimittarista virheettömästi galvaanista yhteyttä käyttäen. Optista yhteyttä käytettäessä sensori kykeni lukemaan 84 % nopeista pulsseista ja hitaat pulssit saivat sensorin mittaamaan käytetyn energian 4% todellista suuremmaksi. Hallin antureilla suurin keskimääräinen virhe kaupalliseen mittariin verrattuna oli 0,47 % pätötehollisella kuormalla. Tulosten perusteella sähköpäätaulusensori antaa riittävän tarkkaa ja luotettavaa tietoa energiankulutuksesta ja sitä voidaan käyttää energiankulutuksen tietoisuuden lisäämiseen kotitalouksissa

A remotely accessible USB hub:software design and testing

Abstract. Remote use of USB peripherals has been identified as useful for Aava Mobile customers. Therefore, the commercial feasibility of an accessory that allows accessing USB devices remotely was studied at Aava, and a prototype device was built. The software in this accessory was required to transfer data securely, be automatically detectable on a local network, and operate autonomously. It is explored in this thesis how remote USB sharing and the requirements could be implemented using open-source software components. New USB remote use programs that support the required capabilities were created as part of this thesis. These applications run on Linux-based operating systems and make use of the existing open-source USB/IP tool protocol. The new client program uses the existing Linux USB/IP virtual host controller driver, and the server is implemented in user space. After the software work was concluded, measurements were performed for evaluation purposes. Optimal encryption ciphers for the prototype hardware were also selected. It was verified by testing that network delay causes major performance degradation. Other significant performance concerns were network adapter speed, the use of encryption, USB port speed, and the user space server implementation. However, while these aspects reduced the performance of the prototype, they were not determined to be critical. The accessory was not intended for high-performance use cases, and therefore the use of cost-effective components can be justified

Challenges and implications of routine depression screening for depression in chronic disease and multimorbidity: a cross sectional study

<b>Background</b> Depression screening in chronic disease is advocated but its impact on routine practice is uncertain. We examine the effects of a programme of incentivised depression screening in chronic disease within a UK primary care setting.<p></p> <b>Methods and Findings</b> Cross sectional analysis of anonymised, routinely collected data (for 2008-9) from family practices in Scotland serving a population of circa 1.8 million. Patients registered in primary care with at least one of three chronic diseases, coronary heart disease, diabetes and stroke, underwent incentivised depression screening using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score (HADS). <p></p> 125143 patients were identified with at least one chronic disease. 10670 (8.5%) were under treatment for depression and exempt from screening. Of the remaining, HADS were recorded for 35537 (31.1%) patients. 7080 (19.9% of screened) had raised HADS (≥8); the majority had indications of mild depression with a HADS between 8 and 10. Over 6 months, 572 (8%) of those with a raised HADS (≥8) were initiated on antidepressants, while 696 (2.4%) patients with a normal HADS (<8) were also initiated on antidepressants (relative risk of antidepressant initiation with raised HADS 3.3 (CI 2.97-3.67), p value <0.0001). Of those with multimorbidity who were screened, 24.3% had a raised HADS (≥8). A raised HADS was more likely in females, socioeconomically deprived, multimorbid or younger (18-44) individuals. Females and 45-64 years old were more likely to receive antidepressants.<p></p> <b>Limitations</b> – retrospective study of routinely collected data.<p></p> <b>Conclusions </b> Despite incentivisation, only minority of patients underwent depression screening, suggesting that systematic depression screening in chronic disease can be difficult to achieve in routine practice. Targeting those at greatest risk such as the multimorbid or using simpler screening methods may be more effective. Raised HADS was associated with a higher number of new antidepressant prescriptions which has significant resource implications. The clinical benefits of such screening remain uncertain and merit investigation