Investigation of transient eye closure evoked with bright light in the patients with intermittent exotropia

Background This study aimed to present a simple method for evaluating transient eye closure (TEC) evoked by bright light and find the agreement between TEC and photosensitivity. We also assessed the associated factors with TEC in the patients with intermittent exotropia (IXT). Methods In this retrospective study, IXT patients were exposed to different brightness: darkness, low-intensity white light, and high-intensity white light using a near-infrared camera vision monitor system (Mon CV3, Metrovision, France). TEC was considered to be present if the subject closed his or her eyes immediately, and for more than half of the scotopic lid fissure distance in response to the high-intensity or low-intensity photopic stimulus of light, compared with lid fissure distance in the scotopic phase. We assessed the presence of photosensitivity using a questionnaire and evaluated the agreement between TEC and photosensitivity. We also investigated the sensory fusion, motor fusion, and pupil dynamic components for the existence of TEC in IXT patients. Results Sixty-one patients with IXT were included. With the new method to evaluate TEC under different light intensities, 27 (44.3%) of the 61 IXT patients showed TEC, and 34 (55.7%) did not demonstrate TEC. TEC under high-intensity white light had a strong correlation with self-reporting photosensitivity (r = 0.77). The smaller angle of deviation at near was associated with the presence of TEC, with statistical significance (p = 0.04). Normal sensory status at a distance was significantly associated with TEC (p <  0.01). Multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression analysis showed that normal sensory status was significantly associated with TEC (p = 0.02). Conclusions The test using a near-infrared camera vision monitor system was a simple and objective tool in identifying TEC evoked by bright light. The presence of TEC strongly correlated with self-reporting photosensitivity in patients with IXT. However, TEC may be an independent phenomenon with motor alignment, stereopsis, and pupil reflex pathway in patients with IXT.This work was supported by the New Faculty Startup Fund from Seoul National University (JHJ)

Ophthalmologic Findings and Clinical Characteristics of Pediatric Miller-Fisher Syndrome in Korea

Miller-Fisher Syndrome (MFS) is a rare condition, especially in the pediatric population. We aimed to investigate the neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations, presence of anti-GQ1b antibody, and disease course of pediatric MFS

Long-Term Visual Prognosis in Patients With Aquaporin-4-Immunoglobulin G-Positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

Background: To identify the factors associated with visual prognosis for functional and structural outcomes of optic neuritis (ON) in patients with aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin (AQP4-IgG)-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Methods: We included the eyes that experienced at least 1 episode of ON and were followed for at least 2 years after the first attack of ON in patients with AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD. We performed a retrospective review of clinical data, including ophthalmological examination and orbital MRI, of 34 eyes of 22 patients. Functional outcomes were measured as final visual acuity, visual field index, and mean deviation and structural outcomes as final retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness. Results: The mean age at onset of the first ON was 42.7 ± 13.7, and all patients were female. The poor visual acuity was significantly associated with the worse final visual acuity and thinner RNFL and GCIPL. Older age also showed a negative correlation with RNFL thickness. The number of attacks was not statistically significant for functional and structural outcomes. The lesion involving the intracanalicular optic nerve to the chiasm on orbital MRI showed worse visual acuity and a thinner GCIPL. Rapid high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy within 3 days was statistically significant, with better visual acuity and more preserved GCIPL thickness. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the severity of ON rather than the number of recurrences might be critical for the visual prognosis of patients with AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD. Rapid treatment within 3 days may improve visual outcomes, and a younger age at onset may have better visual outcomes

Pediatric Miller Fisher Syndrome; Characteristic Presentation and Comparison with Adult Miller Fisher Syndrome

Background: We aimed to investigate the characteristic presentation of Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) in pediatrics and compare it with that in adults. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of medical records, laboratory findings, and disease course of pediatric MFS. The data were compared with those of adult MFS, and literature review was done. Unpaired and paired comparisons between groups were made using Wilcoxon rank-sum and signed-rank tests, respectively. Results: Median age for pediatric MFS was 9.8 &plusmn; 6.5 years. There were 5 (45.5%) male and 6 (54.5%) female patients. All patients had preceding infection. Two patients (22.2%) had tested positive for anti-GQ1b antibody. Ten patients (90.1%) were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, and 2 (18.2%) also received intravenous methylprednisolone. Within one month, 8 (72.7%) patients showed recovery, and all 11 (100%) recovered fully within 3 months. Further, the pediatric group had higher frequency of unilateral involvement of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and autonomic symptoms but lower antiganglioside antibody positivity and manifestations of areflexia than the adult group. Conclusions: Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations and disease course of pediatric MFS were similar to those of adult MFS as stated in the literature. However, the presence of autonomic symptoms was higher and anti-GQ1b antibody positivity was lower in pediatric MFS than in adult MFS

Dual-light emitting 3D encryption with printable fluorescent-phosphorescent metal-organic frameworks

Abstract Optical encryption technologies based on room-temperature light-emitting materials are of considerable interest. Herein, we present three-dimensional (3D) printable dual-light-emitting materials for high-performance optical pattern encryption. These are based on fluorescent perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) embedded in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) designed for phosphorescent host-guest interactions. Notably, perovskite-containing MOFs emit a highly efficient blue phosphorescence, and perovskite NCs embedded in the MOFs emit characteristic green or red fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Such dual-light-emitting MOFs with independent fluorescence and phosphorescence emissions are employed in pochoir pattern encryption, wherein actual information with transient phosphorescence is efficiently concealed behind fake information with fluorescence under UV exposure. Moreover, a 3D cubic skeleton is developed with the dual-light-emitting MOF powder dispersed in 3D-printable polymer filaments for 3D dual-pattern encryption. This article outlines a universal principle for developing MOF-based room-temperature multi-light-emitting materials and a strategy for multidimensional information encryption with enhanced capacity and security