Facial Emotion Recognition Analysis Based on Age-Biased Data

This paper aims to analyze the importance of age-biased data in recognizing six emotions using facial expressions. For this purpose, a custom dataset (adults, kids, mixed) was constructed using images that separated the existing datasets (FER2013 and MMA FACILE EXPRESSION) into adults (≥14) and kids (≤13). The convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) algorithm was used to calculate emotion recognition accuracy. Additionally, this study investigated the effect of the characteristics of CNN architecture on emotion recognition accuracy. Based on the variables of Accuracy and FLOP, three types of CNN architectures (MobileNet-V2, SE-ResNeXt50 (32 × 4 d), and ResNeXt-101 (64 × 4 d)) were adopted. As for the experimental result, SE-ResNeXt50 (32 × 4 d) showed the highest accuracy at 79.42%, and the model that learned by age obtained 22.24% higher accuracy than the model that did not learn by age. In the results, the difference in expression between adults and kids was greatest for fear and neutral emotions. This study presented valuable results on age-biased learning data and algorithm type effect on emotion recognition accuracy

Identification of Phytoplankton-Based Production of the Clam <i>Corbicula japonica</i> in a Low-Turbidity Temperate Estuary Using Fatty Acid and Stable Isotope Analyses

The brackish water clam, Corbicula japonica, acts as an ecosystem engineer in estuaries. To identify its resource-use patterns in the low-turbidity temperate Seomjin River estuary of Korea, we analyzed stable isotope and fatty acid (FA) biomarkers to differentiate allochthonous and autochthonous dietary sources, and examined the effects of clam size, salinity gradient, and season. The δ13C and δ15N values were consistent across the three factors. The δ13C values of the clams were similar to those of both riverine- and estuarine-suspended particulate organic matter (R- and E-SPOM), while their δ15N values were 2–4‰ higher, indicating an equal contribution of both sources to the clam diet. Biogeochemical proxies and FA compositions of SPOM indicate that estuarine phytoplankton significantly contribute to the E-SPOM pool. Moreover, the similarity in FA profiles between Corbicula and E-SPOM indicates that phytoplankton-derived organic matter is the primary source of nutrition for the clam, with minimal impact from growth, salinity gradient, or seasonal changes. Our study suggests that in low-turbidity estuaries with high phytoplankton production, allochthonous organic matter makes a negligible contribution to clam nutrition, compared to high-turbidity estuaries. This finding could provide insights into the variations in the trophic structure of estuarine food webs across diverse regions

Nanoparticle Filtration Characteristics of Advanced Metal Foam Media for a Spark Ignition Direct Injection Engine in Steady Engine Operating Conditions and Vehicle Test Modes

In this study, the particle formation and reduction characteristics at the engine-out position, after a three-way catalyst (TWC) and a metal foam gasoline particulate filter (GPF), were evaluated for a gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engine under part-load operating conditions. The vehicle tests were performed under the Federal Test Procedure-75 (FTP-75) and the Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET) modes. Particle number (PN) concentrations, size distributions, and the filtering efficiency with the GPF were evaluated with a condensation particle counter (CPC) and a differential mobility spectrometer (DMS500). Under steady engine operating conditions, the PN concentrations at the engine-out position were 9.7 × 105–2.5 × 106 N/cc. While, the PN concentrations after the GPF were 9.2 × 104–3.5 × 105 N/cc, and the PN was reduced by 77%–96%. The PN filtering efficiency with the GPF-GDI vehicle reached approximately 58% in the FTP-75 and 62% in the HWFET mode. The PN concentration of the GPF-GDI vehicle was significantly reduced to 3.95 × 1011 N/km for the FTP-75 and 8.86 × 1010 N/km for the HWFET mode. The amount of nucleation mode particles below 23 nm was substantially reduced with the GPF-GDI vehicle. The fuel economy, CO2, and regulated emissions of the GPF-GDI vehicle were equivalent to those of the base GDI vehicle under the vehicle certification modes

CBD ZnIn2Se4 AS buffer layer for CuInGaSe2 thin film solar cells

Tin sulfide (SnS) is receiving increasing interest for its potential application as an absorber layer in thin film solar cells. In this work, a novel method for the formation of SnS layers on soda-lime glass substrates was investigated. The layers were formed by first sputtering tin onto glass followed by annealing in a 5% H2S and Ar gas environment over the temperature range of 300-450°C for 2 hours. The structural properties of the layers synthesized, including the crystal structure, phases present, crystallite size, strain and dislocation density are reported

Crystalline behaviour of SnS layers produced by sulfurization of Sn films using H2S

Tin sulfide (SnS) is receiving increasing interest for its potential application as an absorber layer in thin film solar cells. In this work, a novel method for the formation of SnS layers on soda-lime glass substrates was investigated. The layers were formed by first sputtering tin onto glass followed by annealing in a 5% H2S and Ar gas environment over the temperature range of 300-450°C for 2 hours. The structural properties of the layers synthesized, including the crystal structure, phases present, crystallite size, strain and dislocation density are reported

Biochemical Composition of Seston Reflecting the Physiological Status and Community Composition of Phytoplankton in a Temperate Coastal Embayment of Korea

The biochemical composition of seston along a salinity gradient were examined in the low-turbidity, temperate, estuarine embayment, Gwangyang Bay in Korea. Seasonal variations in sestonic protein (PRT), carbohydrate (CHO), and lipid (LIP) concentrations were analyzed to assess the effects of physiological status and taxonomic composition of phytoplankton. The concentrations of biochemical compounds displayed a close relationship with chlorophyll a (Chla). PRT:CHO ratios were high (&gt;1.0) in the estuarine channel in warmer months and in whole bay in February, indicating a N-replete condition for phytoplankton growth. High CHO:LIP ratios (&gt;2.5) in the saline deep-bay area during the warmer months (&gt;2.0) emphasized the importance of temperature and photoperiod over nutritional conditions. The low POC:Chla (&lt;200), molar C:N (~7) ratios, and biopolymeric carbon concentrations coupled with high primary productivity indicated a low detrital contribution to the particulate organic matter pool. Diatom dominance throughout the year contributed to consistently high carbohydrate concentrations. Furthermore, generalized additive models highlighted that phytoplankton community (i.e., size) structure may serve as an important descriptor of sestonic biochemical composition. Collectively, our results suggest that physiological and taxonomic features of phytoplankton play prominent roles in determining the biochemical composition of seston, supporting the fact that the ecosystem processes in Gwangyang Bay are largely based on phytoplankton dynamics

Impact of shifting subpolar front on phytoplankton dynamics in the western margin of East/Japan Sea

© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Kim, D., Ji, R., Park, H. J., Feng, Z., Jang, J., Lee, C. l, Kang, Y.-H., & Kang, C.-K. Impact of shifting subpolar front on phytoplankton dynamics in the western margin of East/Japan Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, (2021): 790703, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.790703.A subpolar front (SPF) generated between the East Korea Warm Current (EKWC) and the North Korea Cold Current (NKCC) in the western margin of the East/Japan Sea has shifted northward in recent decades. This study investigated the biomass and composition of the phytoplankton assemblage in relation to hydrological and biogeochemical features in the shallow shelf and slope off the Korean coast from January to June in 2016 and 2017, to determine the mechanistic effects of SPF on spring–summer phytoplankton bloom dynamics. Monthly average depth-integrated chlorophyll a (Chl a) levels and the contribution of phytoplankton classes revealed bimodal diatom blooms in early spring and summer in the frontal zone. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that the distribution of high Chl a was associated with cold, low-salinity NKCC water in March 2016. No Chl a peak was observed in March 2017 when the warm saline EKWC water mass invaded. These results suggest that the NKCC intrusion acts as a forcing mechanism leading to enhanced phytoplankton biomass in the frontal zone. In contrast, positive correlations of Chl a concentration with water density and nutrient concentrations suggest that summer blooms were fed by the subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) driven by shoaling of the pycnocline and nitracline. Varying water-column stratification determined the thickness of the SCM layer, driving year-to-year variability in the magnitude of diatom blooms. These findings further suggest that seasonal/interannual variability in the timing of algal blooms affects regional trophodynamics and hence could be an important factor in explaining ecosystem changes in this region.This research was supported by “Long-term change of structure and function in marine ecosystems of Korea” and “Walleye pollock stock management based on marine information and communication technology” funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, South Korea

Field Application of a Vis/NIR Hyperspectral Imaging System for Nondestructive Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties in ‘Madoka’ Peaches

Extensive research has been performed on the in-field nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of the physicochemical properties of ‘Madoka’ peaches, such as chromaticity (a*), soluble solids content (SSC), firmness, and titratable acidity (TA) content. To accomplish this, a snapshot-based hyperspectral imaging (HSI) approach for filed application was conducted in the visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) region. The hyperspectral images of ‘Madoka’ samples were captured and combined with commercial HSI analysis software, and then the physicochemical properties of the ‘Madoka’ samples were predicted. To verify the performance of the field-based HSI application, a lab-based HSI application was also conducted, and their coefficient of determination values (R2) were compared. Finally, pixel-based chemical images were produced to interpret the dynamic changes of the physicochemical properties in ‘Madoka’ peach. Consequently, the a* values and SSC content shows statistically significant R2 values (0.84). On the other hand, the firmness and TA content shows relatively lower accuracy (R2 = 0.6 to 0.7). Then, the resultant chemical images of the a* values and SSC content were created and could represent their different levels using grey scale gradation. This indicates that the HSI system with integrated HSI software used in this work has promising potential as an in-field NDE for analyzing the physicochemical properties in ‘Madoka’ peaches