Towards the design of a feeder-free system for natural killer cell expansion

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Corneal topography and higher-order aberrations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Changes in blood sugar levels cause alterations in the anterior segment and retina of the eye. This study was aimed at evaluating corneal topography, aberrometry, and corneal asphericity in patients with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Participants with treatment-naive T2DM were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The inclusion criteria were glycated hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) greater than or equal to 7.5% and absence of other ocular or systemic diseases. Patients who refused to participate or had a history of topical or systemic steroid use, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, anemia, prior ocular disorder or surgery, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataract, active ocular inflammatory or infectious disease, or contact lens use were excluded. All participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic examination. The Pentacam HR Scheimpflug tomography system (Pentacam High Resolution; Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) was used to measure the anterior-segment parameters. Results: Sixty eyes of 30 patients with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1 were included; the mean (standard deviation [SD]) age and Hb A1c were 51.63 (6.73) years and 8.82% (1.31%), respectively. The mean (SD) values of central corneal thickness, root mean square (RMS) of total aberration, RMS of lower-order aberrations, RMS of higher-order aberrations, spherical aberration, 0° coma, 90° coma, flat anterior keratometry (K), steep anterior K, mean anterior K, anterior topographic astigmatism, flat posterior K, steep posterior K, mean posterior K, posterior topographic astigmatism, anterior corneal asphericity, and posterior corneal asphericity were 540.22 (24.47) µm, 1.72 (0.73) µm, 1.63 (0.73) µm, 0.51 (0.17) µm, + 0.31 (0.09) µm, - 0.06 (0.15) diopters (D), 0.003 (0.21) D, 43.87 (1.49) D, 44.69 (1.50) D, 44.28 (1.44) D, + 0.82 (0.83) D, - 6.25 (0.27) D, - 6.55 (0.31) D, - 6.40 (0.28) D, - 0.30 (0.15) D, - 0.32 (0.12) Q-value, and - 0.47 (0.17) Q-value, respectively. Conclusions: We presented the mean values of Pentacam parameters for aberrometry, keratometry, and corneal asphericity in patients with treatment-naive T2DM. These values could serve as a baseline for prospective monitoring of the ocular health status of this cohort and for comparison with future cohorts of patients with well-controlled T2DM. Further studies are required to assess the presence and applicability of ocular changes following intensive blood glucose control in T2DM and further understand the related pathophysiology

Refractive Error and Ocular Biometric Changes in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Background and Objectives: Evaluation of changes in refractive errors and biometric parameters in the process of glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes during three-month treatment. Methods: Patients with the first diagnosis of type 2 diabetes or a history of poor glycemic control (hemoglobin glycate more than 7.5%) and without any systemic disease other than diabetes were included. Hemoglobin glycate, refractive error, and biometric parameters were evaluated before treatment and one and a half and three months after treatment, and their changes were examined by generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis. Results: A total of 60 eyes of 30 patients with a mean age of 51.63±6.79 years were evaluated. Hemoglobin glycate decreased by an average of 1.028% compared to the baseline measurement in the third month (P<0.001). Mean spherical (P=0.554), spherical equivalent (P=0.340), axial length (P=0.147), and anterior chamber depth (P=0.336) did not show a significant difference between the three examinations. In contrast, the lens thickness showed a significant decrease during treatment (P=0.001). Finally, generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis showed that a 1% decrease in hemoglobin glycate increased by 0.226 mm. (P=0.002) in the axial length. It should be mentioned in tables FU1means Follow-up 1.5 months and FU2 means Follow-up 3 months. Conclusion: The present study shows that refractive errors and most ocular biometric parameters do not change significantly compared to the baseline levels in the period of one and a half and three months after the start of glycemic control