Design and Analysis of SD_DWCA - A Mobility based clustering of Homogeneous MANETs

This paper deals with the design and analysis of the distributed weighted clustering algorithm SD_DWCA proposed for homogeneous mobile ad hoc networks. It is a connectivity, mobility and energy based clustering algorithm which is suitable for scalable ad hoc networks. The algorithm uses a new graph parameter called strong degree defined based on the quality of neighbours of a node. The parameters are so chosen to ensure high connectivity, cluster stability and energy efficient communication among nodes of high dynamic nature. This paper also includes the experimental results of the algorithm implemented using the network simulator NS2. The experimental results show that the algorithm is suitable for high speed networks and generate stable clusters with less maintenance overhead

The crystal and molecular structures of rosebengal derivatives and organometallic compounds containing mercury, rhodium, silver and silicon

The crystal and molecular structures of three rose bengal derivatives and four selected organometallic compounds have been determined by X-ray single crystal method. A brief description of the structural results for each compound is given below;C[subscript]20H[subscript]4CL[subscript]4I[subscript]4O[subscript]5· 11[over]2C[subscript]4H[subscript]8O[subscript]2 (1) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 12.669(6), b = 12.989(2), c = 10.693(4) A and [alpha] = 92.60(4), [beta] = 111.04(5), [gamma] = 102.32(5)°. The lactoid form is clearly revealed. The length of the lactonic bond is found to be 1.469(7) A;C[subscript]34H[subscript]16CL[subscript]4I[subscript]4O[subscript]5 (2) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 13.637(5), b = 15.284(6), c = 9.021(3) A, [alpha] = 102.38(3), [beta] = 96.59, [gamma] = 108.11(4)°. Careful analyses of electron density and difference electron density maps point to 2 being a dibenzyl ester;C[subscript]32H[subscript]34CL[subscript]4I[subscript]4N[subscript]2O[subscript]5 (3) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 18.293(8) b = 18.907(6), c = 13.534(3) A, [alpha] = 95.76(3), [beta] = 90.99(3), [gamma] = 61.32(3)°. Unlike the case of 2, the quinoidic end of the molecule has some phenoxide character; (CLC[subscript]6H[subscript]12NHgCL) HgCL[subscript]3 (4) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Pc with a = 10.532(6), b = 9.866(2), c = 14.093(7) A, [beta] = 99.23(6)°. An interesting feature of the molecular structure is that of the hitherto unobserved discrete HgCL[subscript]3[superscript]- anion which shows a distorted trigonal geometry;RhCL (P(C[subscript]6H[subscript]6)[subscript]3) [subscript]2C[subscript]9H[subscript]12 (5) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a = 23.629(6), b = 23.91(3), c = 13.173(8) A. The coordination around the rhodium atom is essentially square planar. The central [pi] bond of the cumulene ligand is lengthened (1.36 A) relative to the distance in the free ligand (1.27 A). The cumulene ligand shows an interesting flapping disorder; (Ag ([eta][superscript]5-C[subscript]5H[subscript]5)[subscript]2Fe[subscript]2(CO)[subscript]3CS[subscript]3) BF[subscript]4 (6) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 13.771(4), b = 15.047(7), c = 12,544(4) A, [alpha] = 109.55(3), [beta] = 93.77(3), [gamma] = 90.76(3)°. The coordination around the silver atom is essentially trigonal;SiO[subscript]4NC[subscript]8H[subscript]17 (7) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2[subscript]1/n with a = 10.956(4), b = 11.187(2), c = 17.638(8) A, [beta] = 95.84(4)°. The coordination around the silicon atom is nearly trigonal bipyramidal. The length of the N→Si bond distance is 2.152 A. ftn*DOE Report IS-T-1340. This work was performed under contract No. W-7405-Eng-82 with the U.S. Department of Energy

Isozyme Analysis on Different Varieties of Sugarcane

Isozymic and protein diversity among five sugarcane varieties viz., Co 6304, Co 85019, Co 8371, Co 89003 and Co 91010 were studied to understand the varietal interrelationship and to identify the biochemical marker for the disease resistance and stress tolerance. The standard technique of vertical gel electrophoresis PAGE was employed for size separation of isozymes. The gel was stained with different staining solutions for different isozyme systems viz. peroxidase, esterase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and proteins. Rf values of the banding profiles, similarity index and variation between the varieties were analysed. Among the four enzyme systems, peroxidase profile reveals the difference between the disease resistant / susceptible and abiotic stress tolerant / non tolerant varieties. The two isoperoxidase bands with Rf values 0.62 and 0.66 showed their presence in disease resistant and abiotic tolerant varieties. The presence of two marker bands (0.62, 0.66) of resistant and stress tolerant varieties suggest that the variety Co 6304 may also be resistant to smut, wilt and moderately resistant to red rot and tolerant to drought

A Multi-Hop Weighted Clustering of Homogenous MANETs Using Combined Closeness Index

In this paper, a new multi-hop weighted clustering procedure is proposed for homogeneous Mobile Ad hoc networks. The algorithm generates double star embedded non-overlapping cluster structures, where each cluster is managed by a leader node and a substitute for the leader node (in case of failure of leader node). The weight of a node is a linear combination of six different graph theoretic parameters which deal with the communication capability of a node both in terms of quality and quantity, the relative closeness relationship between network nodes and the maximum and average distance traversed by a node for effective communication. This paper deals with the design and analysis of the algorithm and some of the graph theoretic/structural properties of the clusters obtained are also discussed

In vitro propagation of Aristolochia bracteata Retz. - A medicinally important plant

A direct and indirect propagation system has been established for the medicinally important plant Aristolochia bracteata Retz. using inter-nodal segments as explants. The surface sterilization of A. bracteata inter-nodal segments was carried with different concentration of mercuric chloride such as 0.05%. 0.1% and 0.15% for different time duration. Among them, 0.1% mercuric chloride for 2 min showed low percentage contamination  and highest (96%) percentage of microbes free explants. The explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog’s medium augmented with different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators for direct and indirect regeneration. Highest percentage of callus induction (82.3 ± 0.57) from inter-nodal segments was observed on Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L of 2,4-D. Three types of calli viz.,  friable, semi-friable and compact calli were observed from the inter-nodal segments. Highest frequency of shoot proliferation (61.5 ± 0.43) was observed in Murashige and Skoog’s medium augmented with 1.0 mg/L of 6 - Benzyl Amino Purine in combination with 1.0 mg/L α - Naphthalene  Acetic Acid. Maximum number of shootlets regeneration (2.6 ± 0.15) was also observed from the same medium. The in vitro derived calli were sub-cultured for shoot regeneration. The Murashige and Skoog’s medium fortified with 1.0 mg/L of 6 - Benzyl Amino Purine in combination with 0.5 mg/L of α - Naphthalene Acetic Acid showed the highest percentage (73.2 ± 0.43) shoot proliferation from the inter- nodal segments derived calli.  The in vitro raised shootlets were sub-cultured on ½ strength Murashige and Skoog’s medium augmented with various concentrations of IAA and IBA for root formation. Highest percentage, maximum number of rootlets/shootlet and mean length of rootlets were observed in ½ Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L of IBA. Sixty eight percentages of plantlets were established in the earthen pots.ÂÂ

QUALITY BY DESIGN BASED DEVELOPMENT OF ETRAVIRINE SELF MICRO EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

Objective: The main objective of the present research work was to develop systematically the Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery system of BCS Class IV drug in a Quality by Design framework. Methods: The quality by design-based formulation development proceeds with defining the Quality Target Product Profile and Critical Quality Attributes of dosage form with appropriate justification for the same. The statistical Mixture design was used for the development of the formulation. The independent variables selected for the design were Oleic acid, Labrasol and PEG 6000, whereas droplet size (nm), emulsification time (sec), % drug loading and % drug release at 15 min were considered as the potential quality attributes of the Self Micro Emulsifying System. The eight different batches of Etravirine-Self Micro Emulsifying systems (ETV-SMEDDS) were prepared and checked for the Critical Quality Attributes. The simultaneous optimization of the formulation was done by the global desirability approach. Results: The characterization report obtained for all the different batches of formulation was analyzed statistically by fitting into regression models. The statistically significant models determined for droplet size (nm) (R2= 0.96 and p-0.1022), emulsification time (sec) (R2= 0.99 and p-0.0267), % drug loading (R2= 0.93 and p-0.1667) and % drug release at 15 min (R2= 0.96 and p-0.0911) and were statistically significant. The maximal global desirability value obtained was 0.9415 and the value indicates, the selected factors and responses have a good correlation and are significant enough for optimization and prediction of best formulation. Conclusion: The QbD approach utilized during the development of ETV-SMEEDS facilitated the identification of Critical Material Attributes and their significant impact on the Critical Quality Attributes of SMEDDS. The concept of building quality into product through the QbD application was utilized successfully in the formulation development

Polarized light based scheme to monitor column performance in a continuous foam fractionation column

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A polarized light scattering technique was used to monitor the performance of a continuously operated foam fractionation process. The <it>S</it>₁₁and <it>S</it>₁₂parameters, elements of the light scattering matrix, combined together (<it>S</it>₁₁<it>+S</it>₁₂) have been correlated with the bubble size and liquid content for the case of a freely draining foam. The performance of a foam fractionation column is known to have a strong dependence on the bubble size distribution and liquid hold up in foam. In this study the enrichment is used as a metric, representative of foam properties and column performance, and correlated to the <it>S</it>₁₁<it>+S</it>₁₂parameter.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Three different superficial gas velocities (6.9, 7.5, and 10.6 cm/min) and four different pH values (4.8, 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5) are tested for the foam fractionation of a dilute solution of bovine serum albumin (0.1 mg/ml). As a result, at scattering angle of 125° the magnitude of <it>S</it>₁₁<it>+S</it>₁₂is higher as the pH increases. When the bubble sizes are small with a larger liquid content, the foam is strongly back scattering resulting in lower values of <it>S</it>₁₁<it>+S</it>₁₂(at 125°) at pH = 4.8. The light scattering data and the enrichment values are measured over a period of 90 minutes and correlated using a linear model. The predictive power of the model was found to be statistically significant.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The time average <it>S</it>₁₁<it>+S</it>₁₂shows a direct proportionality with the enrichment value, indicating that polarized light should be a valuable technique for monitoring foam fractionation columns. Additional knowledge of the nature of dependence between foam properties and <it>S</it>₁₁<it>+S</it>₁₂combined with models relating the enrichment to the bubble size and liquid hold up is needed to develop an accurate diagnostics tool for monitoring enrichment utilizing <it>S</it>₁₁<it>+S</it>₁₂measurements.</p