Fused Filament Fabrication of Thermal-Shock-Resistant Fine-Grained Refractories for Steel-Casting Applications

Three-dimensionally printed fine-grained refractory ceramics ready for use in contact with liquid steel based on developed one-step thermal debindable ceramic filaments that do not require any chemical solvent pre-debinding are investigated. This work exhibits the most favourable debinding and sintering regimes with an excellent form stability and reproducibility of printed products ensured. The structure of the sintered products was examined with computed tomography. The designed inner geometry with micro-porosity introduced during debinding combined with pre-designed printed macro-cavities enabled the outstanding thermal-shock performance of the specimens. The functionality of the sintered refractory products in the form of casting nozzles was preliminarily tested in contact with steel melt using a hot-stage microscope. The structure of the specimen was subsequently examined with laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of printed samples were studied via mercury intrusion porosimetry, compressive strength testing, and spatial tensile strength testing. According to the results, the cold crushing strength of the 3D-printed specimens in the printing direction was comparable to that of pressed fine-grained alumina specimens (50–60 MPa). The measured porosity was 21.5 vol% with a pore size less than 10 µm, which is suitable for applications in contact with molten steel. In order to show thermal-shock resistance of the 3D-printed casting nozzle, a 100 kg steel-melt flow test was performed in a steel-casting simulator with the nozzle surviving all related thermal shocks as well as the ferrostatic pressure of the melt. The evaluated composition and production route of the filaments can be utilized to produce one-step, thermally debindable, thermal-shock-resistant refractory parts with a complex inner structure that are applicable in an industrial environment

Electrochemical Studies of Stainless Steel and Stainless Steel-TiO₂ Composite in Reference to Molten Aluminum Alloy Using a Solid-State BaCO₃ Electrolyte

The influence of TiO2 addition on the high-temperature electrochemical characteristics of stainless-steel-based materials was investigated by means of differential potential measurement, electrochemical polarization and impedance spectroscopy. A new three-electrode approach was utilized which incorporated a liquid aluminum alloy AlSi7Mg0.3 as the reference electrode, barium carbonate BaCO3 as the solid-state electrolyte, and stainless steel or a stainless steel-TiO2 composite as the working electrode. The potential differences between the steel-based working electrodes and the liquid-aluminum-alloy reference electrode were measured for 85 h throughout the whole experiment, including the heating and cooling period. The experiments were performed at 850 °C. The determination of the high-temperature open circuit potential (ECorr) in reference to the liquid aluminum alloy was carried out via potentiodynamic polarization. The polarization-related changes in the impedance characteristics were evaluated by the correlation of impedance responses before and after the polarization. The addition of 40 vol% TiO2 resulted in a reduction in the potential of the steel-TiO2 composite and led to the formation of a more uniform electrode–electrolyte interface. The reaction products on the surface of the working electrodes were investigated by means of SEM/EDS and XRD. They consisted of mixed oxides within the Fe-O, Ba-Fe-O and Ba-Cr-O systems