Model Results Mielke et al from Bystanders intervene to impede grooming in Western chimpanzees and sooty mangabeys

Tables of model results for Mielke et al

Emergent Group Level Navigation: An Agent-Based Evaluation of Movement Patterns in a Folivorous Primate

<div><p>The foraging activity of many organisms reveal strategic movement patterns, showing efficient use of spatially distributed resources. The underlying mechanisms behind these movement patterns, such as the use of spatial memory, are topics of considerable debate. To augment existing evidence of spatial memory use in primates, we generated movement patterns from simulated primate agents with simple sensory and behavioral capabilities. We developed agents representing various hypotheses of memory use, and compared the movement patterns of simulated groups to those of an observed group of red colobus monkeys (<i>Procolobus rufomitratus</i>), testing for: the effects of memory type (Euclidian or landmark based), amount of memory retention, and the effects of social rules in making foraging choices at the scale of the group (independent or leader led). Our results indicate that red colobus movement patterns fit best with simulated groups that have landmark based memory and a follow the leader foraging strategy. Comparisons between simulated agents revealed that social rules had the greatest impact on a group’s step length, whereas the type of memory had the highest impact on a group’s path tortuosity and cohesion. Using simulation studies as experimental trials to test theories of spatial memory use allows the development of insight into the behavioral mechanisms behind animal movement, developing case-specific results, as well as general results informing how changes to perception and behavior influence movement patterns.</p> </div

Simulation environment representing: primates (dots), recorded group position (stars), resource and memory landscapes (girds).

<p>Simulation environment representing: primates (dots), recorded group position (stars), resource and memory landscapes (girds).</p

Index of aggregation for the observed and simulated red colobus groups.

<p>Error bars on the graph represent 95% confidence intervals.</p

Simulated primate agents (dots), each representing a foraging hypothesis examining the effects of group social rules, memory type, and amount of memory on foraging behavior.

<p>Simulated primate agents (dots), each representing a foraging hypothesis examining the effects of group social rules, memory type, and amount of memory on foraging behavior.</p

Low antibody prevalence against <i>Bacillus cereus</i> biovar <i>anthracis</i> in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, indicates high rate of lethal infections in wildlife

<div><p><i>Bacillus cereus</i> biovar <i>anthracis (Bcbva)</i> is a member of the <i>B</i>. <i>cereus</i> group which carries both <i>B</i>. <i>anthracis</i> virulence plasmids, causes anthrax-like disease in various wildlife species and was described in several sub-Saharan African rainforests. Long-term monitoring of carcasses in Taï National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, revealed continuous wildlife mortality due to <i>Bcbva</i> in a broad range of mammalian species. While non-lethal anthrax infections in wildlife have been described for <i>B</i>. <i>anthracis</i>, nothing is known about the odds of survival following an anthrax infection caused by <i>Bcbva</i>. To address this gap, we present the results of a serological study of anthrax in five wildlife species known to succumb to <i>Bcbva</i> in this ecosystem. Specific antibodies were only detected in two out of 15 wild red colobus monkeys (<i>Procolobus badius</i>) and one out of 10 black-and-white colobus monkeys (<i>Colobus polykomos</i>), but in none of 16 sooty mangabeys (<i>Cercocebus atys</i>), 9 chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes verus</i>) and 9 Maxwell’s duikers (<i>Cephalophus maxwellii</i>). The combination of high mortality and low antibody detection rates indicates high virulence of this disease across these different mammalian species.</p></div

<i>Bcbva</i> positive necropsies in Taï National Park from 2006 to 2015.

<p>Taï National Park is located in the south-west of Côte d’Ivoire near the Liberian border (0°15’– 6°07’N, 7°25’– 7°54’W). The box in the overview map indicates the area enlarged in the big map. Carcass monitoring has revealed continuous occurrence of <i>Bcbva</i> in the research area (marked in gray in the big map) of the Taï Chimpanzee Project. All tested serological samples were collected in this area between 2006 and 2015. The 62 out of 139 (45%) carcasses that tested positive for <i>Bcbva</i> in this period are indicated in the map. Blue dots show duiker carcasses, red dots monkey carcasses and black dots chimpanzee carcasses. The figure has been created by the authors of the manuscript with the freely available software QGIS. Shape files for Africa were freely available at <a href="http://maplibrary.org/library/index.htm" target="_blank">http://maplibrary.org/library/index.htm</a>.</p

Results overview.

<p>Results overview.</p

Partial mitochondrial cytochrome b and 16S sequences from bats captured in southeastern Guinea, 2014

Comprises all Sanger sequences generated for this study. Individuals were only assigned to the genus-level in the field. BLAST results were combined with this field assignment and further biological information (species distribution) to perform the final assignment. Sequence names are built as follows: sample #_final assignment

Partial mitochondrial 16S sequences from soil samples from Meliandou, Guinea, 2014

This ZIP file comprises demultiplexed FASTQ files corresponding to 30 PCR products sequenced on a MiSeq. A tab-delimited list is provided as the ReadMe