A prospective, randomized, double blind study to evaluate and compare the efficacy of lidocaine, ramosetron and tramadol pre-medication, in attenuating the pain caused due to propofol injection

Background: Propofol is a popular induction agent, especially for short cases, day care surgeries and when a laryngeal mask is to be used. It produces a good quality of anaesthesia and rapid recovery. Pain on injection of propofol has been reported and is an important limitation of its use. A multitude of interventions: pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological, have been tried for the attenuation of pain caused due to propofol injection. In our study, we evaluated and compared the efficacy of lidocaine, ramosetron and tramadol in attenuating pain on propofol injection.Methods: A total of 180 patients belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade I and II,  of either sex, aged between 21 to 50 years undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia, were taken up for the study and were divided into group A, B and C. Group A received 2ml of 2% (40mg) lidocaine, Group B received 2ml of ramosetron (0.3mg) and Group C received 1mg/kg of tramadol in 0.9% normal saline to make a total solution of 2ml. Venous occlusion was done by compressing forearm with tourniquet to increase the local concentration of drug after establishing an intravenous access. The study drug was injected over 10 seconds and then occlusion was removed after 60 seconds, followed by giving 25% of the total calculated dose (2.5mg/kg) of propofol (1% w/v in lipid base) injected over 20 seconds. This was followed by asking the patient about the severity of pain felt. The intensity of pain was graded using verbal rating scale (McCrirrick and Hunter) and was assessed at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 seconds, as after 20 seconds, the patient would be under the influence of propofol.Results: Lidocaine showed the best efficacy in attenuating propofol injection pain amongst the 3 groups recorded at 5 (95%), 10 (91.7%) and 15 seconds (98.3%). In addition to reducing the incidence of pain, it also reduced its severity, with majority of patients experiencing only mild pain. Ramosetron ranked 2nd in the overall reduction of propofol pain, with lowest incidence of propofol pain amongst 3 groups, recorded at 0 (98.3%) and 20 seconds (95%) of propofol injection. However, ramosetron failed in reducing severity of pain, with a significant number of patients experiencing moderate and severe pain. Tramadol ranked 3rd in the overall attenuation of propofol pain and showed lowest incidence of pain at 0 seconds (93%) of propofol injection.Conclusions: All the three study drugs viz lidocaine, ramosetron and tramadol cause a significant decrease in propofol injection pain with lidocaine as the most efficacious drug amongst the 3 drugs followed by ramosetron and tramadol. Lidocaine has an added advantage of decreasing incidence and severity of pain associated with propofol and ramosetron prevents postoperative nausea and vomiting

Generalized Version of Complementary Lindley Power Series Distribution

<p>In this paper, we shall introduce a new class of generalized complementary compound lifetime distributions which is obtained by compounding generalized Lindley distribution with power series distribution. This new family of continuous lifetime distributions so obtained will be called Complementary Generalized Lindley Power Series (CGLPS) distribution. The proposed class of distribution contains several lifetime distributions as its special cases that are very flexible to accommodate different types of data sets since the probability density function and hazard rate can take up different forms such as increasing, decreasing and upside down bathtub shapes which have been shown through graphs for some selected values of parameters and the potentiality proposed class has been tested statistically by using it to model some real life data set.</p

Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Damage and Their Production, Detection in Common Bean (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em> L.) under Water Stress Conditions

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) being small and highly reactive oxygen containing molecules play significant role in intracellular signaling and regulation. Various environmental stresses lead to excessive production of ROS causing progressive oxidative damage and ultimately cell death. This increased ROS production is, however, tightly controlled by a versatile and cooperative antioxidant system that modulates intracellular ROS concentration and controls the cell’s redox status. Furthermore, ROS enhancement under stress serves as an alarm signal, triggering acclimatory/defense responses via specific signal transduction pathways involving H2O2 as a secondary messenger. Nevertheless, if water stress is prolonged over to a certain extent, ROS production will overwhelm the scavenging action of the anti-oxidant system resulting in extensive cellular damage and death. DAB (3,3′-diaminobenzidine) test serves as an effective assessment of oxidative damage under stress. It clearly differentiates the lines on the basis of darker staining of leaves under water stress. The lines showing greater per cent reduction in yield parameters show greater staining in DAB assay underlining the reliability of using this assay as a reliable supplement to phenotyping protocols for characterizing large germplasm sets

A Mixture of Generalized Negative Binomial Distribution with Generalized Exponential Distribution

The negative binomial distribution has become increasingly popular as a more flexible alternative to Poisson distribution, especially when it is questionable whether the strict requirements for Poisson distribution could be satisfied. But negative binomial distribution is better for overdispersed count data that are not necessarily heavy-tailed, for heavy tailed count data the traditional statistical distributions such as Poisson and negative binomial cannot be used efficiently. In this paper an attempt has been made to obtain a mixture of generalized negative binomial distribution with that of generalized exponential distribution, which is obtained by mixing the generalized negative binomial distribution with generalized exponential distribution. The new mixeddistribution so obtained generalizes several distributions that have been discussed in literature. Estimation of the parameters, factorial moment and ordinary (crude) moments of the new distribution has also been discussed. To justify the suitability, the distribution is fitted to a reported count data set. The resulting fit is found to be good in comparison to others

A New Discrete Compound Distribution with Application

The present paper introduces a discrete compound distribution model, which is obtained by compounding size biased Consul Distribution with generalized beta distribution. The proposed distribution has several properties such as it can be nested to different compound distributions on specific parameter setting. Factorial moments and parameter estimation through maximum likelihood estimation and method of moment have been disused. The potentiality of the proposed model has been tested by chi-square goodness of fit test by modeling the real world count data sets

Generalized Version of Complementary Lindley Power Series Distribution

In this paper, we shall introduce a new class of generalized complementary compound lifetime distributions which is obtained by compounding generalized Lindley distribution with power series distribution. This new family of continuous lifetime distributions so obtained will be called Complementary Generalized Lindley Power Series (CGLPS) distribution. The proposed class of distribution contains several lifetime distributions as its special cases that are very flexible to accommodate different types of data sets since the probability density function and hazard rate can take up different forms such as increasing, decreasing and upside down bathtub shapes which have been shown through graphs for some selected values of parameters and the potentiality proposed class has been tested statistically by using it to model some real life data set