Effect of Cold Shock on the Metabolism of Trichomonas Gallinae

The influence of cold (4°C) used to prepare cells for metabolic investigations was examined with Trichomonas gallinae in this study. Cells washed with cold diluent in a refrigerated centrifuge were found to be less stimulated in their gas production at 37°C when exposed to glucose or maltose than cells washed at room temperature conditions. Such cold-prepared cells had higher initial glycogen contents after washing, faster endogenous glycogen degradation rates when incubated at 37 °C, but lower glycogen synthesis in the presence of glucose or maltose when compared to cells not prepared in the cold. However, uptake of glucose and maltose at 37 °C was not affected by pretreatment with cold. Washing with cold also reduced the total number of recoverable cells by an average of 20%. Cold washing of T. gallinae in three diluents (modified Ringers, Krebs Ringer phosphate, and 2% Trypticase) increased the recovery or lag time in STS medium when compared to use of the three washing diluents at room temperature

Clinostomum marginatum (Yellow Grub) Metacercaris in Black Bass From the Caddo River in West Arkansas

Seventy-two bass (Micropterus-spp.), mostly smallmouth, were collected from three areas of the Caddo River in west Arkansas and examined for the presence of Clinostomum marginatum metacercariae. Prevalence, mean abundance, and abundance for all fish were 68%, and 4.2 ±6.5, and 30, respectively. Fish from the upstream area near the headwaters were more heavily infested than those from further downstream. A gill/total body larval ratio of seven, was found for bass from another Arkansas stream, was examined as a predictor for total Clinostomum populations instream bass. Using the formula gill parasites X seven divided by N(72), a value of 3.3 was found for mean abundance. The gill/total body ratio for Caddo bass was found to be higher at 8.9 but the ratio of 7 gives a reasonable estimate of Clinostomum burdens in a stream bass population. Use of this ratio allows bass hosts to be examined without necropsy thus preserving the host population in its environment

Clinostomum marginatum metacercaria: Incidence in Smallmouth Bass from a North Arkansas Stream and in vitro Oxygen Consumption Studies

Small mouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) captured from Crooked Creek (Marion Co., Arkansas) in the summers of 1977 and 1987 were found to have a high incidence of infection with the metacercaria of Clinostomum marginatum (yellow grub). Of 41 fish collected in 1977, 32 (78%) were found infected with metacercariae with some fish containing large numbers of parasites. The number of larvae per fish ranged from 1 to 184, with an average of 23.2 ± 38 per smallmouth. Eighty-six percent of the bass collected in 1987 were found positive for C. marginatum. The number of metacercariae per fish ranged from 1 to 227 with an average of 32.7 ± 54 per fish. Fish from both collection groups ranged in size from 12 to 34 cm. No significant correlation could be found between the number of metacercariae per fish and the length of the host. Using metacercariae removed from host tissue, the effect on oxygen consumption by glucose, serotonin and insulin, singularly or in combination, was measured by manometric methods. Glucose alone did not stimulate oxygen utilization, serotonin alone and with glucose was stimulatory, and insulin with glucose also increased oxygen consumption

Non-Invasive Technique for Assessing the Population Parameters of Metacercariae of Clinostomum marginatum in Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu)

Clinostomllm marginatum is a trematode that uses a fish as its final intennediate host. The wonns in the fish are in metacercarial cysts and are known as yellow grub. Yellow grubs give the fish\u27s flesh a wonny, unappetizing appearance and are a problem for commercial fish fanners in that heavily infected fish are not suitable for marketing. The parasite is common in smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) living in upland streams of Arkansas where the bass may serve as a wild reservoir for contamination of commercial fish ponds. Because smallmouth bass are a prized game fish, it would be desirable to be able to assess the extent of yellow grub infections by a non-invasive method whereby the fish could be examined and returned to its habitat without destructive necropsy. In this study strong correlations were found between the parasites seen in the orobranchial region and the rest of the host body. These correlations were found for all of the population parameters usually reported. The significance of these findings are mainly three fold: (I) The correlations allowed a reasonable estimate of yellow grub loads in populations of smallmouth bass using only orobranchial counts, (2) in situ examination of the mouth and gills alone allows the fish to be returned unharmed to the stream and (3) similar anatomical-site density correlations applied to other parasitic infections might dramatically reduce the amount of necropsy time needed for estimating total parasite numbers. Examples for the latter are given from other studies with Clinostomum complanatum and Proteocephalus ambloplitis species that show similar anatomical site density relationships in their respective hosts