Clinical Sociological Perspectives on Social Impacts: From Assessment to Management

The social impact assessment (SIA) field is moving into a critical and central position in resource decision making in our society. Initially conceived as part of the environmental impact statement (EIS) process, SIA is beginning to be recognized as having dimensions far beyond its early scope. This article focuses on the extension of SIA work into the area of social impact management. Current trends in the SIA field leading to the emphasis on management are reviewed, followed by a discussion of the issue-centered approach to SIA. A discussion of decentralization trends sets the stage for understanding the emerging demand for impact management services. A definition of and rationale for social impact management are provided, and four principles of social impact management are described. Finally, the process by which impact management systems are developed is discussed through selected examples

MICROCOMPUTER BUDGET MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The enterprise budget, whole farm cash flow, and income statement are fundamental tools of farm and ranch management. The "Microcomputer Budget Management System" (MBMS) is a microcomputer software package that facilitates the storage and use of information for crop and livestock budgeting. It performs the calculations for several enterprise budgeting formats and for preparation of whole farm resource use reports and financial statements. The MBMS also includes internal machinery and irrigation cost calculation routines. MBMS was developed for use by extension staff, researchers, lenders, consultants, and operators of diversified farms and ranches with many enterprises that use enterprise and whole farm budgeting for analysis and planning activities. The flexibility and detailed nature of the program requires the user to have knowledge of enterprise budgeting and operation of complex computer programs. This paper presents a discussion of the features and capabilities of the software and the computational procedures used in the cost calculations.Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

Identifying the health care-initiated and self-initiated interventions used by women for the management of rectal emptying difficulty secondary to obstructive defecation: a scoping review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aims to identify interventions used by women for the management of rectal emptying difficulty secondary to obstructive defecation. INTRODUCTION: Rectal emptying difficulty is typically a symptom of obstructive defecation syndrome. Even though a range of interventions are already available for this condition, this review is necessary to increase understanding of what interventions women find useful and are acceptable for them. This depth of understanding will facilitate the development of a specific care pathway to support women living with rectal emptying difficulty secondary to obstructive defecation syndrome. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review will consider studies that include adult women (over 18 years of age) living in the community who have experienced difficulty with rectal emptying secondary to obstructive defecation and who have not had surgical intervention. Exclusion criteria include prolapse surgery and surgical techniques, oral laxatives, vaginal pessaries, cognitive impairment, pregnancy, and those residing in care homes. METHODS: The databases to be searched include MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Emcare, AMED, Web of Science, Scopus, PROSPERO, Open Grey, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform Search Portal, UK Clinical Trials Gateway, International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Registry, JBI Evidence Synthesis, Epistemonikos, Cochrane Library, and gray literature. Studies conducted in English from any time period will be considered for inclusion. The titles and abstracts will then be screened by two independent reviewers for assessment against the inclusion criteria for the review

Winter wheat

Fourteen varieties of winter wheat sown by director Speer,, were found growing on the Station grounds when we took charge in January. Eight varieties, viz.: The Hybrid Lamed, Hybrid Dattel, Found in Golden Cross, Pool, Jones White Fife, Early Red Clawson, Turkish Red, and Golden Cross, were grown on fair sized plats (averaging about one-fourth of an acre), but the remaining six, viz. : The Johnson, Willits, Roberts, Bailey, and Stewarts, were grown on areas too small for a very satisfactory test. All varieties had been sown between the dates of September 5th and 15th, on what appeared to have been fall plowed corn ground. The seeding had been done broadcast, and the ground smoothly harrowed. The soil was upland clay loam with timber adjoining, about fifteen rods distant, on two sides. No snow of any account fell until the fore part of February. Through February and the first half of March, snow fell frequently and quite abundantly so that the ground was covered during a greater part of this time. Several varieties winter-killed quite badly. The Hybrid Lamed was about half dead in the spring. The Hybrid Dattel though not so badly killed as the Lamed, was looking thin and weak. Both of these varieties were weak and backward during the entire season and made a poor crop. The variety “Found in Golnen Cross,” wintered well and looked vigorous from the start. The stand, excepting a few bare spots, was good. April 23d it stood five inches high, and was harvested July 11th , at a medium height, free from rust and disease. The berry was medium sized, dark colored, and hard. In taking notes on the Pool wheat, April 23d, we wrote: “About two-thirds of a stand— uneven— nearly all dead in spots, but stooling remarkably well.” A surprising growth and improvement took place in this variety during the growing season. It grew strong and luxuriant, ripened with a golden hue, and was practically healthy. The berry was a little uneven in size, but very hard. The Jones White Fife was the most promising looking variety on the grounds. It made a beautiful growth, stood the winter well, and the stand was good. It has a slightly pubescent leaf and long well filled heads. This variety was free from disease, but lodged a little before ripening. The berry was plump and even. The Early Red Clawson wintered fairly well, except in low spots. It stood erect, and ripened free from rust, but blighted some

Best varieties of oats

With a view to ascertaining what varieties of oats are best adapted to our soil and climate, eleven of the most promising \u27varieties that could be obtained were grown for a comparative test as to yield, quality and ability to withstand attacks of rust and other diseases. The ground used was a piece of fall plowed corn ground, harrowed once before sowing and twice afterward. The soil was sandy loam and had been under cultivation for a number of years. The seeding was done early, April 8th and 10th, and the soil was too wet to admit of the use of a cultivator

Flax seed meal and oil meal

This Station had so many inquiries during the fall of 1891 regarding the relative feeding values of flax seed ground, and oil meal, that we concluded to ascertain for Iowa farmers something concerning the two feeds. At many places in the state a ton of flax seed sold as low as a ton of oil meal, and farmers who had grown flax and desired to feed cattle, were anxious to know whether they could feed it as it grows with the oil in it. We were also asked how much flax meal could safely and economically be fed under different conditions. The Station resolved to take steps to answer the most pressing questions, and tied up ten cows that it was desirable to dispose of, for various reasons

Theory and Application of Dissociative Electron Capture in Molecular Identification

The coupling of an electron monochromator (EM) to a mass spectrometer (MS) has created a new analytical technique, EM-MS, for the investigation of electrophilic compounds. This method provides a powerful tool for molecular identification of compounds contained in complex matrices, such as environmental samples. EM-MS expands the application and selectivity of traditional MS through the inclusion of a new dimension in the space of molecular characteristics--the electron resonance energy spectrum. However, before this tool can realize its full potential, it will be necessary to create a library of resonance energy scans from standards of the molecules for which EM-MS offers a practical means of detection. Here, an approach supplementing direct measurement with chemical inference and quantum scattering theory is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of directly calculating resonance energy spectra. This approach makes use of the symmetry of the transition-matrix element of the captured electron to discriminate between the spectra of isomers. As a way of validating this approach, the resonance values for twenty-five nitrated aromatic compounds were measured along with their relative abundance. Subsequently, the spectra for the isomers of nitrotoluene were shown to be consistent with the symmetry-based model. The initial success of this treatment suggests that it might be possible to predict negative ion resonances and thus create a library of EM-MS standards.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figure

Macro Implications of a Complete Transformation of U.S. Agricultural Production to Organic Farming Practices

A national interregional linear programming model of U.S. agriculture is used to evaluate and compare two conventional and three organic production alternatives. The objective is to estimate the effects on production, supply prices, land use, farm income, and export potential, of a complete transformation of U.S. agriculture to organic practices. Crop yields and production costs are estimated for 150 producing regions for seven crops under both conventional and organic methods. Results indicate that compared to conventional methods, widespread organic farming leads to a decrease in total production, lower export potential, higher supply prices, higher value of production, lower costs of production, and higher net farm income. U.S. domestic crop demand can be met with organic methods, but would be more expensive. Some interregional shifts in crop production would also occur