Magnesium Excretion in C. elegans Requires the Activity of the GTL-2 TRPM Channel

Systemic magnesium homeostasis in mammals is primarily governed by the activities of the TRPM6 and TRPM7 cation channels, which mediate both uptake by the intestinal epithelial cells and reabsorption by the distal convoluted tubule cells in the kidney. In the nematode, C. elegans, intestinal magnesium uptake is dependent on the activities of the TRPM channel proteins, GON-2 and GTL-1. In this paper we provide evidence that another member of the TRPM protein family, GTL-2, acts within the C. elegans excretory cell to mediate the excretion of excess magnesium. Thus, the activity of GTL-2 balances the activities of the paralogous TRPM channel proteins, GON-2 and GTL-1

Implications of transoral robotic surgery on the field of otolaryngology: contemporary management of oropharyngeal cancers

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at [email protected]. Thank you.The incidence and prevalence of cancers of the oropharynx has been on the rise over recent years, with approximately 13,000 new cases diagnosed each year in the United States. Increased incidence has been linked to increased alcohol consumption, tobacco use, and the human papilloma virus, and stresses the importance for the development of modern treatments. The majority of oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, originating in the mucosal tissue layer and metastasizing throughout the neck to surrounding lymph nodes and organs. Due to the difficulty in the detection of oropharyngeal cancers, they are often detected in late stage and must be removed surgically to maximize survival. Treatment of head and neck cancers falls under the responsibility of otolaryngologists, who utilize a wide variety of surgical and non-surgical procedures to minimize morbidity and maximize the patient's chances of survival while maintaining high quality of life. The classic approach to the treatment of head and neck cancers has been a combination of neck dissection, removal of lymph nodes, and radiation therapy to obliterate the disease in its entirety. Saving the life of the patient often results in many complications as a result of the invasive and aggressive treatments. In order to maximize the removal of the cancer, collateral damage to surrounding nerves, muscles, and other essential tissues often occurs with dissection of the neck. This radical approach often leaves little regard for the future quality of life of the patient, and alternatives are being sought to address these needs. Along with other surgical fields, otolaryngology is moving toward a minimally invasive approach in the treatment of oropharyngeal cancers. With the advent of modern technology and miniaturization of instruments, minimally invasive procedures such as endoscopic surgery, laser surgery, and concentrated radio- and chemotherapeutics have allowed otolaryngologists a greater range of possible treatments for their patients. In the recent evolution of surgical treatment, robots have been developed and adapted to assist surgeons in performing difficult procedures which are otherwise not possible. Utilizing robotic arms under the control of a trained surgeon, transoral robotic surgery allows for the removal of diseased tissue via the oral cavity. This recent procedural development allows surgeons to remove cancerous lesions from the head and neck without the need for a large external incisions. This approach minimizes tissue trauma, leaving unrelated organs and tissues of the neck intact. By reducing damage to surrounding structures, transoral robotic surgery improves the prognosis of, and speeds post-surgical recovery of the patient. Transoral robotic surgery is quickly gaining traction as an acceptable alternative to open surgeries in the management of head and neck cancers, allowing for preservation of structure and function. Although promising, many variables must be considered to determine whether it is in fact the most appropriate treatment. Factors such as quality of life, the ability to swallow and speak, recovery time, comorbidity, and survival must all be taken into consideration. While transoral robotic surgery presents many benefits to the surgical team and patient, there are inevitably some drawbacks and limitations to this new and promising technology. Only recently developed and approved for the minimally invasive treatment of head and neck cancers, it presents novel and exciting possibilities to the field of otolaryngology. By analyzing the literature on surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancers over the past twenty years, I weigh the costs and benefits of transoral robotic surgery against traditional approaches to determine what role this new procedure plays in the contemporary management of oropharyngeal cancer

GHB receptors - a new trend in psychopharmacology?

Introduction: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is commonly known as a recreation drug or the so-called “date rape drug”. It is also used in medicine to treat narcolepsy and alcohol addiction. GHB has an affinity for two types of receptors: GABAB and the relatively recently discovered GHB receptors. GHB receptors were first cloned in 2003 in mice and then in 2007 in humans. So far, evidence has been presented for their impact on dopaminergic transmission, which may imply that they play a role in the pathogenesis of diseases such as schizophrenia. At the same time, it has been demonstrated that benzamide antipsychotic drugs have an affinity for GHB receptors, which is why it is postulated that some of the effects of these drugs may result precisely from this affinity

“Pulling hair out of the head” - the importance of traumatic family events in the development and maintenance of trichotillomania symptoms - case report

Introduction: Trichotillomania is a mental disorder characterized by a repetitive and compulsive hair pulling, classified in ICD-10 to a group of habit and impulse disorders, and in the DSM-5 to the group of obsessive-compulsive disorders