A Fluid Dynamics Calculation of Sputtering from a Cylindrical Thermal Spike

The sputtering yield, Y, from a cylindrical thermal spike is calculated using a two dimensional fluid dynamics model which includes the transport of energy, momentum and mass. The results show that the high pressure built-up within the spike causes the hot core to perform a rapid expansion both laterally and upwards. This expansion appears to play a significant role in the sputtering process. It is responsible for the ejection of mass from the surface and causes fast cooling of the cascade. The competition between these effects accounts for the nearly linear dependence of $Y$ with the deposited energy per unit depth that was observed in recent Molecular Dynamics simulations. Based on this we describe the conditions for attaining a linear yield at high excitation densities and give a simple model for this yield.Comment: 10 pages, 9 pages (including 9 figures), submitted to PR

Light trapping within the grooves of 1D diffraction gratings under monochromatic and sunlight illumination

The Rayleigh-Modal method is used to calculate the electromagnetic field within the grooves of a perfectly conducting, rectangular-shaped 1D diffraction grating. An \emph{enhancement coefficient} ($\eta$) is introduced in order to quantify such an energy concentration. Accordingly, $\eta >$1 means that the amount of electromagnetic energy present within the grooves is larger than that one will have, over the same volume, if the diffraction grating is replaced by a perfectly reflecting mirror. The results in this paper show that $\eta$ can be as large as several decades at certain, often narrow, ranges of wavelengths. However, it reduces to approximately 20% under sunlight illumination. In this latter case, such values are achieved when the \textit{optical spacing} between the grooves $dn$ is greater than 500 nm, where $d$ is the groove spacing and $n$ is the refractive index of the substance within the grooves. For $dn$ smaller than 500 nm the enhancement coefficient turns negligibly small.Comment: This paper contains 11 pages and 4 figures, and will be published elsewher

Light Intensity Enhancement Inside the Grooves of Metallic Grating

Light absorption inside the grooves of metallic gratings filled with a semiconductor material can be improved by means of the electric field enhancement. To this end, the influence of grating dimensions in the electric field spectral behavior is theoretically investigated. Two conditions of cavity resonance have been analyzed separately: (1) for TE polarization (electric field parallel to the grooves) and (2) for TM polarization (magnetic field parallel to the grooves). When dimensions are chosen according to the first condition, the enhancement of TE fields is found to increase with the height-to-width ratio, and it is accompanied with a decrease in the bandwidth. The same enhancement levels can be achieved for TM fields if the second condition holds, provided that the period-to-width ratio is large enough. The simultaneous enhancement of TE and TM fields, based on a condition of surface resonance excitation, can also be accomplished. In this case, the TM response is very sensitive to changes in groove depth and width

Light trapping by means of electric field enhancement in metallic grantings

The enhancement of the electromagnetic field within the grooves of a metallic diffraction grating is analyzed. A perfect conductor, rectangular-shaped diffraction grating is assumed, therefore, the field enhancement analyzed in this work is due to resonances caused by the structure itself, and not to the so-called surface-plasmon resonances which are observed to be influenced by metal properties as well. The modal approach has been employed for calculations. Basically, the squared amplitude of the electric field within the grooves is calculated as a function of the wavelength of the incident light. Similarly, the behaviour of the structure when exposed to a conical bundle of light is also analyzed. The present results show that a field intensity enhancement of the order of 100 is achievable. However, the spectral width of the resonances decrease with increasing enhancement as is expecte

Low-injection behaviour of a solar cell with a metallic grating back-reflector

Recent studies have dealt with the possibility of increasing light absorption by using the so-called electric field enhancement taking place within the grooves of metallic gratings. In order to evaluate the potential improvements derived from the absorption increase, we employ a simplified model to analyze the low-injection behaviour of a solar cell with a metallic grating back-reflector

Structure analysis of proteins, peptides and metal complexes by vibrational circular dichroism

There are two principal forms of vibrational optical activity (VOA), an IR form referred to as vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and Raman form known as Raman optical activity (ROA). This paper reports examples of the application of VCD spectroscopy for the determination of the absolute configuration and conformation of chiral molecules, e. g. cyclic beta-lactams. VCD spectroscopy can be applied for the characterization of the conformation of proteins and peptides in solution. VCD based conformational analysis of cyclic peptides is discussed. Examples are the cyclic hexapeptide cyclo(Pro(2)-Gly-Pro(2)-Gly) and cyclic peptides comprising beta-homoamino acids (trans-2-aminocyclopentane or trans-2-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid). Structure analysis by VCD of opiate peptides, glycopeptides, peptidomimetics and chiral transition metal complexes are also discussed

Efecto de la excentricidad de la órbita electrónica del átomo de H en el cálculo del poder de frenado en la colisión de un protón con un átomo de H(ls), mediante el método CTMC

Se aplicó el método de trayectorias clásicas monte carlo (CTMC) al cálculo de las secciones eficaces de ionización, captura, excitación y stopping total de la colisión de un protón con un átomo de hidrógeno. Se utilizó las ecuaciones del movimiento planetario de Kepler para representar el electrón 1s en el campo Coulombiano del protón y se generaron las condiciones iniciales del electrón mediante la función de distribución microcanónica. Se consideraron las excentricidades ε=0.75, ε=0.001 y ε= aleatoria (en el rango [0,1]) para el cálculo de las secciones eficaces y stopping total. Los resultados muestran que las secciones eficaces para ε=0.75 y ε=aleatoria coinciden entre sí, no así para ε=0.001; mientras que para el stopping total los resultados reproducen bien los resultados experimentales de energías intermedias y alta

Crater formation by fast ions: comparison of experiment with Molecular Dynamics simulations

An incident fast ion in the electronic stopping regime produces a track of excitations which can lead to particle ejection and cratering. Molecular Dynamics simulations of the evolution of the deposited energy were used to study the resulting crater morphology as a function of the excitation density in a cylindrical track for large angle of incidence with respect to the surface normal. Surprisingly, the overall behavior is shown to be similar to that seen in the experimental data for crater formation in polymers. However, the simulations give greater insight into the cratering process. The threshold for crater formation occurs when the excitation density approaches the cohesive energy density, and a crater rim is formed at about six times that energy density. The crater length scales roughly as the square root of the electronic stopping power, and the crater width and depth seem to saturate for the largest energy densities considered here. The number of ejected particles, the sputtering yield, is shown to be much smaller than simple estimates based on crater size unless the full crater morphology is considered. Therefore, crater size can not easily be used to estimate the sputtering yield.Comment: LaTeX, 7 pages, 5 EPS figures. For related figures/movies, see: http://dirac.ms.virginia.edu/~emb3t/craters/craters.html New version uploaded 5/16/01, with minor text changes + new figure