Awareness level of family planning methods in adolescent girls of different socio-economic groups in rural sectors, in central India

Background: Adolescence, the transition from childhood to adulthood is an important crossroad. Studies are available which suggest that a considerable number of adolescent boys (16 to 14%) and girls (1 to 10%) engage in premarital sexual activity. All though importance of health education and health counseling for adolescents have been incorporated in the formal education system but there are no large scale community based studies to assess awareness level of adolescent girls about the method of family planning. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of socio-economic factor on the awareness level of adolescent girls with special reference to the methods of family planning, and their concepts about long term effects of high population growth.Methods: The study samples were higher secondary girl students between 15 to 19 years of age in 5 rural schools (Hindi & English medium) of Wardha district, Maharashtra, India. The survey programme was conducted during a period of one year from July 2011 to June 2012. A questionnaire was prepared in local language.Results: The education level of parent in upper-middle (group A) was significantly more than low-economic group (group B). Knowledge about hormonal contraceptive pill in group A was significantly high than  group B and the idea about surgical technique and condom was also high in group A than group B. Regarding emergency contraceptive technique, the idea in group A was high but in group B, the rate was very low.Conclusions: The awareness programme should be conducted in formal education in the school curricula so that adolescent girl’s knowledge, attitude and practice can be assessed

Impact of changing life style on age of menarche

Background: Menarche marks the beginning of the reproductive phase in a woman’s life or the onset of puberty Menarche is said to be early when it begins before the age of 8 years in a girl’s life. Early menarche can turn up into many consequences. This can only be controlled by carefully exploring and analyzing the factors causing early menarche. This study aims to assess the impact of changing lifestyle on age of menarche.Methods: It is a prospective cross-sectional study, included 112 subjects in group I (girls had their menarche at the age of <11 years) and 88 subjects in group II (Girls had their menarche at the age between 12-14 years). A self-made questionnaire was used for collecting the data.Results: It is found that  80.32% girls from group I and 47.73% girls from group II consume junk food daily or 2-3 times per week. 66.07% girls from group I and 51.14% girls from group II play indoor games daily or 2-3 times per week. 52.86% girls from group I and 26.14% girls from group II go to hotel once a week and 57.14% girls from group I and 73.86% girls from group II go to hotel occasionally.Conclusions: Girls who are not much interested in playing outdoor games, more frequently go to hotel, eat more junk food and consume more amount of fats in the daily home-made food have a significant lowering in the age of menarche

ADVANCE RESEARCH ON MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY FOR CANCER TREATMENHT

Research and development of antitumor monoclonal antibody agents have shown substantial progress. Monoclonal antibodies (McAb) or their immunoconjugates can be used as clinically therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. As reported, McAb agents display specific binding to tumor-related targets, exhibit selective cytotoxicity to target cancer cells, and show highly therapeutic effects in animal experiments. Recently, some of the McAb agents have been applied in clinical therapy. Major trends in the study of McAb agents are searching for new relevant molecular targets, humanizing of the antibody, and downsizing of the immunoconjugate molecule. Due to high specificity of McAb to related molecular target, there is a great potential to develop highly effective antitumor agents. Thats why McAb agents may play an important role in cancer therapy

Effect of Myoinositol and Metformin in combination on clinical and hormonal profile in patients of polycystic ovarian syndrome

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) also known as hyperandrogenic anovulation syndrome or Stein – Leventhal syndrome is an endocrine disorder, characterized by anovulation, oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, features of androgenic hormone excess (hirsutism, acne, alopecia, seborrhea) and insulin resistance. The global prevalence ranges from 2.2% to 26%. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from December 2015 to December 2016 in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial medical college and associated Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar memorial hospital, Raipur (C.G.) after obtaining permission of ethical committee of the institute to evaluate the effect of myoinositol and metformin on clinical profile in patients of polycystic ovarian syndrome. 70 women were included in the study who received a combination of myoinositol 600mg and metformin 500mg (twice a day) for 3 months for the management of PCOS. Prior to the start of the therapy, a detailed history and baseline investigations were recorded. Cases were reassessed at the end of three months of therapy for evaluation of change in clinical and hormonal profile.Results: 90.09% (63/70) cases showed improvement in the menstrual complaints. Spontaneous onset of menses occurred in all the cases presented with amenorrhea, in nearly 90% within 2 months of start of treatment. Regularization of cycles was observed in nearly 50% of patients with infrequent menses. Amongst all the cases with cutaneous manifestations, maximum improvement was seen in cases of acne (4/6) i.e. 66.66%. 25% (5/20) patients with infertility conceived during the study period.Conclusions: Myoinositol with metformin in combination has resulted in significant improvement in the clinical profile with reduction in individual drug dosage in cases with PCOS

Comparison of laryngeal mask airway supreme™ versus endotracheal intubation in positive pressure ventilation with muscle relaxant for intraoperative and postoperative conditions

Background: Laryngeal Mask Airways are increasingly being used now a day as an option to endotracheal intubation, as it is less invasive and causes less discomfort in the postoperative period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical use of the laryngeal mask airway SupremeTM in patients undergoing elective gynaecological surgeries under general anaesthesia and compare it with endotracheal intubation.Methods: 60 ASA I and II females, having BMI <30kg.m-2 in the range of 20-50 years of age, scheduled for elective gynaecological surgeries were randomly allocated to one of the two groups according to the device used (LMAS or ETT). Time required for insertion, number of attempts, hemodynamic response to insertion/removal and incidence of immediate and late postoperative complications such as coughing, laryngospasm, sore throat, dysphagia etc. were assessed.Results: Number of attempts for successful insertion was similar but time required for LMA Supreme™ insertion was significantly less (25.40±12.90 versus 33.27±14.82 sec) similarly, time required for nasogastric tube insertion was significantly more in ETT group (30.28±16.22 versus 21.93±12.64 sec). No episode of failed ventilation or hypoxia was recorded. The changes in hemodynamic parameters were significantly higher after endotracheal intubation and during extubation. Incidence of postoperative complications was significantly higher after endotracheal intubation (p<0.05).Conclusions: The LMA Supreme™ is a suitable alternative to endotracheal intubation during general anaesthesia for elective gynaecological surgeries with the added advantage of less hemodynamic response during airway management and lower incidence of postoperative complications

Study of maternal and fetal outcomes in premature rupture of membrane in central rural India

Background: Premature rupture of membrane is linked to significant maternal prenatal mortalities and morbidity. The maternal and fetal outcomes in PROM is very important to decrease maternal and child mortality and for better management and prevention of complications. Thus, this study aimed to detect the maternal and fetal outcomes in patients with PLROM at tertiary care hospital in central rural India.Methods: This prospective study was conducted in Department of obstetrics & Gynecology, in a tertiary care institute located in central India, over a period of 18 months. 210 patients were diagnosed with PLROM and all of them were included in the study. The data of these women were collected using a checklist based on registration books.Results: The rate of maternal morbidity was 26%, commonest cause was clinical chorioamnionitis (11.9%) followed by febrile illness seen in 10.5%. No maternal mortality was seen in the study. Perinatal morbidity was seen in 30% of cases. Clinical early onset neonatal infection was the commonest cause for perinatal morbidity noticed in 23.8% of cases (50 out of 210). Perinatal mortality observed was 1.43% (3 out of 210). Birth asphyxia being the commonest cases of mortality.Conclusions: Major maternal morbidity is chorioamnionitis (11.9%). Major perinatal morbidity observed is early onset neonatal infection (24%)

Role of intrauterine insemination in infertile couple seeking care at Acharya Vinobha Bhave rural tertiary care hospital

Background: Fibroids Infertility affects between 60 million to 68 million people worldwide; generally one in ten couples experience primary or secondary infertility. The majority of those who suffer, live in the developing world. Universally, the prevalence rises significantly with a woman’s age. The WHO estimates the overall prevalence of infertility in India to be between 3.9 and 16.8 per cent. Objective: To assess the outcome of intrauterine insemination (IUI) amongst infertile couples seeking care at AVBRH. And to correlate the outcome of IUI with various parameters associated with infertility.Methods: 50 patients undergoing 72 stimulated IUI cycles between September 2012 and august 2014. It was a prospective interventional study. Interventions: Ovarian stimulation with clomifene citrate &amp; gonadotrophins was initiated and a single IUI was performed 36 h after triggering ovulation. Main outcome: Pregnancy rates by urine pregnancy test per couple. Pregnancy rates by urine pregnancy test per cycle. Secondary outcome: livebirth, on-going PR, abortion rate.Results: The pregnancy rate per couple and per cycle were 22% and 15.27% respectively. Live birth were 8%, on-going pregnancy was 4%, abortions were 10%.  Conclusions: On the basis of analysis of successful outcome of IUI it can be said that the patients with best prognosis are the one with age &lt;30 years, lesser duration of infertility, good motile spermatozoa, preovulatory follicle, good endometrial thickness, &amp; semen preparation are certainly the cornerstones for successful intrauterine insemination

NANOTECHNOLOGY REVOLUTION: RESPIROCYTES AND ITS APPLICATION IN LIFE SCIENCES

ABSTRACT: Necessity is the mother of inventionâ€. This necessity has made human now to stand at the verge of science. Nano technology is termed as application of science and technology at the nano level. From the many conditions which can do harm to the human body, one of the most fundamental and fast acting is a lack of perfusion of oxygen to the tissue. Insufficient oxygenation can be accoutred by problems with oxygen uptake in the lungs, problems with blood flow in the arteries due to obstruction or problems with oxygen transportation, as with anaemia. Heart attack is the death of part of the heart muscle due to its sudden loss of blood supply. Typically, the loss of blood supply is caused by a complete blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot .To overcome this, respirocytes are proposed. An artificial nano-medical erythrocyte, or "respirocytes" --intended to duplicate all of the important functions of the red blood cell - provides treatment for anaemia, heart attack, choking, lung diseases, asphyxia, and other respiratory problems. These nano-robots, will be able to keep a patient's tissues safely oxygenated for up to about 4 hours (at maximum dosage) if their heart has stopped beating in case of a heart attack. The simplest possible design for an artificial respirocyte is a microscopic pressure vessel, spherical in shape for maximum compactness made from flawless diamond or sapphire constructed atom by atom. Key words: nano technology, oxygen uptake, artificial red blood cells- respirocytes, pressure.  Â

Sperm Motility Regulatory Proteins: A Tool to Enhance Sperm Quality

Sperm forward motility is an essential parameter in mammalian fertilization. Studies from our laboratory have identified and characterized a few unique sperm motility regulatory proteins/glycoproteins from the male reproductive fluids and mammalian blood serum. The purified sperm motility-initiating protein (MIP) from caprine epididymal plasma as well as the forward motility-stimulating factor (FMSF) and motility-stimulating protein (MSP) from buffalo and goat serum, respectively, have high efficacy to initiate or increase motility in nonmotile or less motile sperm. Antibody of sperm motility inhibitory factor (MIF-II) has the high potential to enhance sperm vertical velocity and forward motility by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level. The appearance and disappearance of D-galactose–specific lectin and its receptor along the epididymis has been reported to be involved in motility regulation in spermatozoa. A novel synthetic cryopreservation method and role of lipid to protect membrane damage during cryopreservation have been demonstrated. Motility-promoting proteins may be extremely useful for improving cattle breeding and breeding of endangered species, thereby helping in enhanced production of animal products as well as in the conservation of animals. Isolated proteins and developed cryopreservation technology may also be beneficial in human infertility clinics to increase the chance of fertilization