Comparison of Essential Oils Compositions of Eryngo (Eryngium caucasicum) in Different Parts of Plant in Two Growth Conditions

Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. (Apiaceae) is a perennial herbaceous plant with about one meter height, an endemic species that has been distributed in the northern parts of Iran. The plant leaves are normally used in medicine and food industries in Iran.The plant has several medicinal properties including enforcing generative power, diuretic, lenitive and appetizer. In this research differents parts of plants (flower, leaves, stem and roots) from two locations littoral and unlittoral early reproductive phase are collected. The essential oils obtained by three methods of distillation (water distillation, steam distillation and hydro-steam distillation), the composition of essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography, coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Essential oils content in flower of plants from littoral and unlittoral locations in hydrodistallation method with mean of 0.32% and 0.38% and water and steam distillation with 0.176% and 0.21% in hydro-steam distillation  with 0.06% and 0.09%, respectively. Essential oils content in fresh leaf  also were with hydrod-istallation method with mean of 0.13% and 0.19% and steam distillation with 0.1% and 0.14%, hydro-steam distillation 0.1% and 0.16%, respectively. Essential oils content in dry leaf of plants with hydro-distallation method with mean of 0.17% and 0.32% and steam distillation 0.053% and 0.087%, in hydro-steam distillation with mean of 0.1% and 0.16%, respectively. Main components in flower were allo-aromadendrene (48.7 up to 71.6%), trans-calamenene (11 up to 18.2%), and dehydro abietal (1.2 up to 10.9%), respectively. Main components on fresh and dry leaf from littoral location were allo-aromadendrene (1.5 up to 30.6%), dihydro tagetone (2.9 up to 19.8%), (E,E)-farnesol (0.5 up to 28.3%), respectively. Main components on fresh and dry leaf from unlittoral location were allo-aromadenderene (13 up to 33.2%), dihydro tagetone (1.8 up to 17.9%), α-calacorene (7.7 up to 23.1%), (E,E)-farnesol (12.1 up to 17.5%), respectively. Main components on stem from both location were dihydro tagetone (1.6 up to 9.4%), allo-aromadendrene (36.0 up to 67.4%), trans-calamenene (8.3 up to 16.2%), dehydro abietal (6.3 up to 19.5%), respectively. Main components on root from both location were n-octadecanol (43.5 up to 91%), dihydro tagetone (1 up to 4.9%), γ- cadinene (0.5 up to 1.4%), respectively

The Effect of Rootstocks on the Peel Phenolic Compounds of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu)

The aim of this study was to determine total flavonoids and individually flavanone glycosides as well as antioxidant capacity in peel of Satsuma mandarin(Citrus unshiu) on different rootstocks.  On other hand, the purpose of this study was to identify the rootstock that could produce the highest amount of flavonoids.Total flavonoids content was measured using aluminum chloride colorimetric method, whereas Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method was used to determine the total phenols content. The antioxidant activities were evaluated using reducing scavenging assays of DPPH radicals. HPLC-PDA detection was used for the analysis of individual flavanone glycosides (narirutin, naringin and hesperidin).The results showed that, the highest individually flavanone glycosides (27.73 mg/g DW), total flavonoids (10.74 mg/g DW), total phenol (3.91 mg/g DW) and DPPH scavenging activity (60.00 mg/g DW) were in the peel of Satsuma mandarin grafting on the flying dragon rootstock. According to results, the amount of phenolic acids (0.36 mg/g DW) of Satsuma mandarin grafted on trifoliate orange was higher than those of other rootstocks. Among the flavonone glycosides, hesperidin was determined in the highest concentration in all investigated peels. The results of correlation showed that there were a high positive correlation between the amount of total flavonoids and total phenols. Results showed that rootstock had an important role in increasing of concentration flavonoids, as well as antioxidant capacity. Finally based on the obtained results it can be concluded that although the concentration of flavonoid compounds is strongly related to the genotype of fruit, it seems that rootstocks affect the amount of flavonoids in the fruit

The Effect of Rootstocks on the Sugars, Acids, Carotenoids, Chlorophylls and Ethylene of Clementine Mandarin (Citrus clementina)

Investigations have demonstrated that ratio of sugars to organic acids affects the particular taste of citrus fruit and carotenoids are essential for prevent of the disease.  It seems that some rootstocks enhance the ripening of fruits and stimulatethe biosynthesis of sugars and carotenoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rootstocks on sugars, organic acids andcarotenoids of fruit. The content of individual sugars and organic acids in fruits were determined by HPLC. Total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS) and pH value of juice was also evaluated. Total carotenoid and chlorophylls content was measured using a spectrophotometer. The content of ethylene in fruits was determined by Gas chromatograph.   HPLC analysis of juice allowed to detection of 3 sugars and 2 acids.  Sucrose was the dominant sugar for all rootstocks. The amount of total sugars ranged from 102.27 (mg/ml) (Flying dragon) to 118.07 (mg/ml) (Orlando tangelo). The amount of total acids changed from 6.62 (mg/ml) (Trifoliate orange) to 8.48 (mg/ml) (Flying dragon). The amount of ascorbic acid varied from 0.44 (mg/ml) (Trifoliate orange) to 0.68(mg/ml) (Orlando tangelo).The pH value ranged from 3.65 (Flying dragon) to 3.95 (Orlando tangelo), TSS content changed from11.2 (%) (Flying dragon) to11.9 (%) (Orlando tangelo), TSS/TA varied from15.13 (Flying dragon) to 20.88(Orlando tangelo). Juice content ranged from 49.29 (%) (Trifoliate orange) to 54.47 (%) (Orlando tangelo). The amount of fruit production changed from 12 (Kg /tree) (Flying dragon) to 83(Kg /tree) (Orlando tangelo). The amount of total carotenoid varied from 0.12 (Murcott) to 0.15(Orlando tangelo, Sour orange, Flying dragon) (mg/gr DW). Among the six rootstocks evaluated, Orlando tangelo demonstrated the maximum rate of sugars, pH, TSS, TSS/TA, juice, ascorbic acid and carotenoids. As an outcome of our investigation, we can express that the rootstocks can affect the amount of sugars, acids andcarotenoids of fruit

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Two Tanacetum Species from Iran

The genus Tanacetum L. is one of the most important medicinal plant that contains 28 species in Iran, 12 of them are endemics. This paper reports the essential oil composition of Tanacetum hololeucum (Bornm.) Podlech; Tanacetum kotschyi (Boiss.) Grierson, growing wild in Iran. Plant flowers were collected from different zones of Dizin in north of Iran. All samples were hydro-distilled (Clevenger apparatus), to produce the oils in T. hololeucum from three zones with yields of (0.35%, 0.35% and 0.16%), and also T. kotschyi, from three zones with yields of (0.57%, 0.41% and 0.10%), respectively. All samples were injected to GC and GC/MS. Main components for T.hololeucum from Dizin of three places from zone 1 were borneol 39.4%, trans- sabinene hydrate 8.4%, 1,8-cineole 8.1%, and from zone 2 were n-hexadecane 14%,  elemol acetate 13.6%, trans-thujone 13.4%,  and from zone 3  were terpinolene 35.7%,  α- phellandrene 23%, γ- eudesmol 7.1% , and in T. kotschyi   also from Dizin of three places from zone 1 were 1,8-cineole 27.8%, terpinolene 13%, trans-thujone 7.2%, and from zone  2  were n-undecane 27.9%, n-hexadecane 14.7%, n-nonadecane 8.7% , and from zone 3 were n-tridecane 55.1%, terpinolene 13.4%, myrcene 7%, respectively

Comparison Extraction Methods of Essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. in Iran By Microwave Assisted Water Distillation; Water Distillation and Steam Distillation

Rosmarinus officinalis L. is a perennial herb that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It is used as a food flavouring agent, and well known medicinally for its powerful antimutagenic, antibacterial and chemopreventive properties. The most applicable method for extraction of essential oil is water distillation (WD) and steam distillation (SD). It is a traditional technique which is used in most industrious companies. The essential oil from the leaves rosemary obtained by Microwave assisted water distillation (MAWD) on 440W, 770W and 1100W has been compared with those obtained by conventional WD and SD. The total yield of the volatile fractions obtained through WD was 1.30%, SD was 0.54% and MAWD in 440W was 0.45%, 770 W was 0.50% and 1100 W was 0.55%, respectively.Essential oils samples were analyzed by GC and GC-MS, the oils revealed the presence of 28 to 35 compounds in the essential oils obtained through HD, SD and MAWD, respectively. Main components in WD method were camphene 33.08%, γ-terpinene 8.62% and verbenene 8.57%, in SD were camphene 31.71%, WD, γ-terpinene 8.92%, and verbenene 8.74%, and by Microwave-assisted water-distillation (MAWD) on 440W were linalool acetate 28.67% cis-sabinene hydrate acetate 20.59% and terpin-4-ol 11.56%,  on 770W were camphene 15.88%, γ-terpinene 14.61% and cis-sabinene hydrate acetate 10.28%, and on 1100W were camphene 28.22%, γ-terpinene 13.66% and β-pinene 8.42%, respectively

Comparison of Essential Oils Compositions of Boswellia carteri Birdwood as a Food and Non-food in Different Distillation from Iranian Market

The genus Boswellia is one of the 17 genera belonging to Burseraceae family. In this study resin of Boswellia carteri birdwoodcollected or purchased from Tehram herbal Market as a food and non-food for chemical analysis. The essential oils of the resins of Boswellia carteri birdwoodobtained by different methods of distillation (water distillation, steam distillation and hydro-steam distillation), the composition of essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography, coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major components of the different methods of distillation oils of Boswellia carteri birdwood as a non-food by hydro-steam distillation were dihydro citronellol acetate (48%), 2-phenyl ethyl anthranilate (11.5%), α-santonine (7.7%), and with water distillation were dihydro citronellol acetate (48.2%), borneol (8.6%), methyl decanoate (7.9%), and with steam distillation were dihydro citronellol acetate (60.6%), borneol (9.7%), (Z)-β-ocimene (5.3%), respectively. Also the major components of Boswellia carteri birdwood as a food by hydro-steam distillation were dihydro citronellol acetate (55.6%), α-santonine (9%), 2-phenyl ethyl anthranilate (7.3%), and with water distillation were dihydro citronellol acetate (63.7%), borneol (9.1%), 2-phenyl ethyl anthranilate (3%), and with steam distillation were dihydro citronellol acetate (55.9%), (E)-phytol acetate (7.5%), borneol (7.3%), were the predominant major compounds respectively

Chemical Composition and in Vitro Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Eucalyptus gillii Essential Oil and Extracts

In this study, essential oil and various extracts (hexane, petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol, methanol and water) of Eucalyptus gilii were screened for their chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The essential oil chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID), respectively. Thirty four compounds were identified, corresponding to 99.5% of the total essential oil. Tannins [104.9-251.3 g catechin equivalent (CE)/Kg dry mass], flavonoids [3.3-34.3 g quercetin equivalent (QE)/Kg dry mass], phenolics [4.7-216.6 g gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/Kg dry mass] and anthocyannins [1.2-45.3 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent (C3GE)/Kg dry mass] of various extracts were investigated. Free radical scavenging capacity of all samples was determinedt. In the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the IC50 of essential oil was 163.5 ± 10.7 mg/L and in the 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) assay, it was 94.7 ± 7.1 mg/L. Among the various extracts, the water extract showed the best result (IC50 = 11.4 ± 0.6 mg/L) in the DPPH assay which was comparable to vitamin C (IC50 = 4.4 ± 0.2 mg/L). The antimicrobial activities were evaluated against different bacterial and fungal strains. Gram positive bacteria were found to be more sensitive to the essential oil and extracts than Gram negative ones. Anthocyanins seem to have a major effect on the growth of Bacillus subtilis (R2 = 0.79). A significant antifungal activity was observed against the yeast and fungi. Correlations between chemical composition and antioxidant activities were studied and R2 values were about 0.96 for the effect of phenolics on the DPPH assay

Effect of Harvesting Time on Content and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (Lamiaceae)

Stachys L. one of the biggest genus of the Lamiaceae family comprises about 200-300 species.  In this research, aerial parts essential oil composition and content of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (Lamiaceae)at different stages (vegetative, full flowering and initial fruiting stages) is reported. The oils obtained by water distillation method (Clevenger apparatus) and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed that the essential oils of S. lavandulifolia were affected by plant growth stages. The chemical composition varied in three harvesting times. It was found that the maximum obtained essential oil was in the flowering stage. Totally, 31 constituents with the range of 0.10 – 34.11% in the vegetative, 27 constituents with the range of 0.06 – 36.35% in the flowering stage and 27 compounds with the range of 0.06 – 37.2% in the initial fruiting stages were identified. The highest compounds were related to the vegetative stage (34 compounds) that representing 63.74% of oil.  In this study, the highest amount of essential oil constituents in the vegetative stage belonged to germacren D (34.11%), n-decane (3.84%) and caryophyllene oxide (2.62%), in the flowering stage, germacren D (36.87%), borneol (4.3%), cis-thujone (4.24%), bicyclogermacrene (4.16%) & n-decane (3.88%) and in the stage of initial fruiting, germacren D (37.2%), borneol (4.76%), b-caryophyllene (4.20%), cis-thujone (4.16%) & bicyclogermacrene (3.99%)

Study of the Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Teucrium chamaedrys L. at the Different Distillation in Mazanderan Province

The composition of the essential oils of Teucrium chamaedrys L. belongs to the family Lamiaceae, It is growing wild in the margin of mountainous roads of arid and cold climate of north Iran. In this research, essential oils of Teucrium chamaedrys L., extracted and measured at the different location by different methods of distillationand then were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Investigation and comparision on essential oil constituents of herbs were collected from three localities (Chalus, Galoogah and Gadook). The essential oil yield at the different location from Chalus by water distillation (Clavanger) were (0.06%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were  (0.28%), and by steam distillation were (0.04%), the essential oil yield at the different location from Galoogah by water distillation (Clavanger) were (0.06%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were  (0.05%), and by steam distillation were (0.09%), the essential oil yield at the different location from Gadook by water distillation (Clavanger) were (0.2%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were  (0.16%), and by steam distillation were (0.08%), respectively. Major component identificated in sample from Chalus by water distillation (Clavanger) were α- cadinene  (15.4%), Z- β-farnesene (9.6%),1-eicosene (8.2%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were  1-eicosene (12.8%), α- cadinene  (6.3%), benzyl salicylate (5.9%), and by steam distillation were cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (10.9%), (E,Z)-farnesol (10.3%), benzyl salicylate (8.3%). Major component identificated in sample from Galoogah by water distillation (Clavanger) were E- α-farnesene (22.9%), α- calacorene (20.2%), α- murrolene   (8.0%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were  α- cadinene  (30%), E-β- caryophyllene (23.5%), E- α-farnesene (7.2%), and by steam distillation were E- α-farnesene (18.4%), 1-eicosene (15.2%), benzyl salicylate (10%).Major component identificated in sample from Gadook by water distillation (Clavanger) were α- murrolene   (12%), cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (11.3%), methyl decanoate (8.9%), and by water & steam distillation (Kyzer & Long) were  α- murrolene   (8.7%), n- heptadecane (7.9%), cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (7.2%), and by steam distillation were α- murrolene   (14.4%), cis-3-hexenyl benzoate (11.3%), E- α-farnesene (9.6%), respectively