Investigation of Optimal Cement Space in 3D Printed 3-unit Resin Prosthesis: A Pilot Study

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal cement space in the 3D printed 3-unit resin fixed partial denture. Materials and Methods: A model was fabricated for mandibular premolar and molar implant abutments. Forty resin prostheses were fabricated using stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer. A cement space of 90 μm (CS 90) was given for 20 specimens and a cement space of 100 μm (CS 100) was given for 20 specimens. The groups of each cement space were divided into 10 groups by a layer thickness (50 μm and 100 μm) and a build orientation (0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°). The prostheses were seated and scanned with micro-CT. Marginal, axial and occlusal gaps were measured and statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test (α = .05). Results: In CS 90 groups, marginal gap (MG) value was 88.43 ± 41.77 μm, mid axial gap (AX) value was 92.74 ± 58.43 μm, axio-occlusal angle gap (AN) value was 80.49 ± 56.97 μm and occlusal gap (OC) value was 166.75 ± 52.38 μm. In CS 100 groups, MG value was 69.12 ± 40.17 μm, AX value was 113.43 ± 64.20 μm, AN value was 92.99 ± 55.73 μm and OC value was 161.79 ± 50.40 μm. In CS 100 group, MG showed smaller value in comparison to CS 90 group (p < .05). Conclusion: For the SLA 3D printed 3-unit resin fixed partial denture, setting the cement space to 90 μm or less is not recommended due to the interference in seating.N

The Inhibitory Effect of Prunella vulgaris L. on Aldose Reductase and Protein Glycation

To evaluate the aldose reductase (AR) enzyme inhibitory ability of Prunella vulgaris L. extract, six compounds were isolated and tested for their effects. The components were subjected to in vitro bioassays to investigate their inhibitory assays using rat lens aldose reductase (rAR) and human recombinant AR (rhAR). Among them, caffeic acid ethylene ester showed the potent inhibition, with the IC50 values of rAR and rhAR at 3.2±0.55 μM and 12.58±0.32 μM, respectively. In the kinetic analyses using Lineweaver-Burk plots of 1/velocity and 1/concentration of substrate, this compound showed noncompetitive inhibition against rhAR. Furthermore, it inhibited galactitol formation in a rat lens incubated with a high concentration of galactose. Also it has antioxidative as well as advanced glycation end products (AGEs) inhibitory effects. As a result, this compound could be offered as a leading compound for further study as a new natural products drug for diabetic complications

Synchronous multicentric small hepatocellular carcinomas: defining the capsule on high-frequency intraoperative ultrasonography with pathologic correlation

Purpose The aim of this study was to define the capsules of synchronous multicentric small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) with use of high-frequency intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS). Methods Among the 131 consecutive patients undergoing hepatic resection and high-frequency IOUS for HCC, 16 synchronous multicentric small HCCs in 13 patients were histologically diagnosed in the resected specimens. High-frequency IOUS and pathologic findings of these lesions were compared, with particular focus on the presence and appearance of the capsule in or around each lesion. Results Synchronous multicentric small HCCs were pathologically classified into distinctly nodular (n=12) or vaguely nodular (n=4) types. All 12 distinctly nodular HCCs including six subcentimeter lesions showed detectable capsules on high-frequency IOUS and pathology. The capsules appeared as a hypoechoic rim containing hyperechoic foci (n=6), hypoechoic rim (n=5), or hyperechoic rim (n=1) with varying degrees of coverage around each lesion. Histologically, the capsules were composed of a combination of one to four layers consisting of a fibrous capsule, peritumoral fibrosis, prominent small vessels, and entrapped hepatic parenchyma. Conclusion Synchronous multicentric small HCCs with distinctly nodular type, even at subcentimeter size, can show capsules with varying coverage and diverse echogenicity on high-frequency IOUS

A promoter SNP rs4073T>A in the common allele of the interleukin 8 gene is associated with the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis via the IL-8 protein enhancing mode

Background Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a potent chemo-attractant cytokine responsible for neutrophil infiltration in lungs with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The IL-8 protein and mRNA expression are increased in the lung with IPF. We evaluated the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL-8 gene on the risk of IPF. Methods One promoter (rs4073T>A) and two intronic SNPs (rs2227307T>G and rs2227306C>T) of the IL-8 genes were genotyped in 237 subjects with IPF and 456 normal controls. Logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the association of these SNPs with IPF. IL-8 in BAL fluids was measured using a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay, and promoter activity was assessed using the luciferase reporter assay. Results The minor allele frequencies of rs4073T>A and rs2227307T>G were significantly lower in the 162 subjects with surgical biopsy-proven IPF and 75 subjects with clinical IPF compared with normal controls in the recessive model (OR = 0.46 and 0.48, p = 0.006 and 0.007, respectively). The IL-8 protein concentration in BAL fluids significantly increased in 24 subjects with IPF compared with 14 controls (p = 0.009). Nine IPF subjects homozygous for the rs4073 T>A common allele exhibited higher levels of the IL-8 protein compared with six subjects homozygous for the minor allele (p = 0.024). The luciferase activity of the rs4073T>A common allele was significantly higher than that of the rs4073T>A minor allele (p = 0.002). Conclusion The common allele of a promoter SNP, rs4073T>A, may increase susceptibility to the development of IPF via up-regulation of IL-8