The impact of relevant factors on wheat supply and demand in the Republic of Serbia

The aim of the study is to conduct the wheat balances analysis, to research the supply and demand in the domestic market, and to examine the partial impact of the relevant factors on the supply and demand. The research results of wheat production and trade flows can contribute to the increase of supply and to the structural changes in production, the strengthening of competitiveness, the increase of trade exchange, improvement in production and processing, new investments, higher employment rate, and so on. The methods used in the research are the wheat balances analysis, the functional and correlation analysis (the functional correlation analysis), the variance analysis, T-test, as well as other general methods. The results of the wheat production and consumption balances analysis indicate the existence of surplus and potential for export of an average of 805.29 thousand tons with a trend of increase after 2013. The impact of production, initial stocks, imports, and purchase prices on wheat supply is high (R = 0.99). The impact of consumption, sales prices, income, exports, and final stocks on wheat demand is high (R = 0.95). By analyzing the correlation coefficient of wheat production and supply, a coefficient of 0.96 was obtained, while for the wheat consumption and demand the obtained coefficient was 0.82, which indicates high correlation dependence. In the period 2000-2016, the export of wheat was increased 8.7 times along with the increase in price per kg and the total export value

THE IMPACT OF RELEVANT FACTORS ON WHEAT SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

The aim of the study is to conduct the wheat balances analysis, to research the supply and demand in the domestic market, and to examine the partial impact of the relevant factors on the supply and demand. The the research results of wheat production and trade flows can contribute to the increase of supply and to the structural changes in production, the strengthening of competitiveness, the increase of trade exchange, improvement in production and processing, new investments, higher employment rate, and so on. The methods used in the research are the wheat balances analysis, the functional and correlation analysis (the functional correlation analysis), the variance analysis, T-test, as well as other general methods. The results of the wheat production and consumption balances analysis indicate the existence of surplus and potential for export of an average of 805.29 thousand tons with a trend of increase after 2013. The impact of production, initial stocks, imports, and purchase prices on wheat supply is high (R = 0.99). The impact of consumption, sales prices, income, exports, and final stocks on wheat demand is high (R = 0.95). By analyzing the correlation coefficient of wheat production and supply, a coefficient of 0.96 was obtained, while for the wheat consumption and demand the obtained coefficient was 0.82, which indicates high correlation dependence. In the period 2000-2016, the export of wheat was increased 8.7 times along with the increase in price per kg and the total export value

Virtual water: A hidden natural resource in Serbia

Integrated water protection implies not only protection of water quality, but also protection of the quantity of useable water as one of the most important natural resources. This includes virtual water, which is water as an integral part of the product, used during its production process and contaminated by it. It connects water with trade. Virtual water can be qualitatively determined by the water footprint concept, which refers to the amount of water used by any defined body, ranging from an individual to the entire nation. Further studies of water consumption and usage in food production led to the development of water footprint as a three-part system, comprising blue, green and grey water. A shift from the previous exclusive importance of blue water to the newly emerged significance of green water zone, led to a conclusion that with adequate water management, even countries suffering from a serious water shortage could produce enough food. The concept of virtual water led to new perspectives in understanding the ways water is traded worldwide, in terms of volumes virtually contained within the traded products

The economics of plum production on small farming households

The aim of this paper is to calculate economic indicators in plum production, namely: profitability, cost-effectiveness and productivity of labor, and determine whether this production is economically viable. The profitability analysis and the calculation of other economic indicators relate to the period from 2014 to 2016. The highest profit in the production of plums was achieved in 2015, amounting to 5250 €/ha, in 2016: 3897.24 €/ha, and the lowest in 2014, when it was only 1800 €/ha. Plum production is profitable, and the coefficients show that the amounts of 209 RSD (in 2016), 107 RSD (in 2014) and 250 RSD (in 2015) dinars were gained for every 100 dinars invested in production. The coefficients of cost-effectiveness were as follows: 3.5 (in 2015), 3.09 (in 2016) and 2.07 (in 2014) show that the production of plums is economically viable. The productivity of labor in the production of plums was approximately the same in the observed period, i.e., for each 1 euro of invested work, 72 to 77 kg of plum have been produced

The Effect of Using Natural or Biotic Dietary Supplements in Poultry Nutrition on the Effectiveness of Meat Production

The goal of the research was to investigate the effect of dietary natural or biotic additives such as garlic, black pepper, and chili pepper powder in poultry nutrition on sustainable and economic efficiency of this type of production. A total of eight dietary treatments with 1200 broiler chickens of hybrid line Hubbard were formed, with four replicates. During the experimental period, chickens were fed with three period mixtures diets of different average costs: Starter compound mixture two weeks (0.38 €/kg in all treatments), grower compound mixture next three weeks (0.36, 0.38, 0.40, 0.41, 0.46, 0.39, 0.42, and 0.39 €/kg, respectively), and finisher compound mixture for the final week (0.34, 0.36, 0.38, 0.39, 0.44, 0.37, 0.40, and 0.37 €/kg, respectively). The experiment lasted a total of 42 days. Upon finishing the experiment, results have shown statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences regarding the European broiler index (EBI) as one of the indicators of economic efficacy. The EBI was lowest in the control treatment (220.4) and significantly higher in experimental treatments (298.6), respectively. In cost, a calculation included the cost of feed and used natural or biotic supplements in chicken nutrition. The findings of the study of economic efficiency revealed that the cost per treatment rises depends on the natural additive used. Economic efficiency analysis showed that the most economical natural additive with the lowest cost is garlic (0.68 €/kg), while the most uneconomical is treatment with black pepper with the highest cost of body weight gain (0.82 €/kg). This higher cost of the gained meat is minimal as a consequence of a much healthier and more nutritious food meant for human use, which often promotes sustainable aspects, compared to conventional and industrialized poultry production