Model Development for Energy dissipation over Gabion Stepped Weirs using GEP and GMDH techniques

A Gabion stepped weir is a permeable weir that consists of a gabion box filled with stone aggregates. It is cost effective structure used for the dissipation of water flow energy from upstream to downstream. Gabion weir also allows the movement of aquatic life and transportation of physical and chemical substances present in water. In this study, energy dissipation in terms of inverse relative energy dissipation (IRED) over gabion stepped weir has been studied. It is observed that the existing predictor does not give a reasonable estimate for IRED. Therefore, the data have been reanalysed to develop a generalized regression equation for IRED. Generalized models using Gene Expression Programming (GEP) and Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) were also developed. The predictions based on GMDH model(R=0.979,E=0.96 and RMSE=0.314) were found more satisfactory than those given by traditional regression equations(R=0.929,E=0.91 and RMSE=0.557) as well as the GEP model(R=0.959,E=0.94 and RMSE=0.476).The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

Out-migration in Rural Pakistan: Does Household Poverty Status Matter?

Movement of the people within the geographical and administrative boundaries of a country is known as internal migration. Researchers regard the movement to urban areas from both rural and less-advanced urban areas as more important, yet studying the dimensions of movement between rural areas is worth investigating. Scholars assert economic incentives as the main motive behind the rural-urban movement; various unforeseeable factors, however, may also stimulate the human flows. In Pakistan, the phenomenon of internal migration is as old as the inception of the country as Helbock (1975a) maintained, while studying life-time migrants in 12 largest cities of the country in 1961, that almost every 7th person residing in these cities had come from a different distric