Development of a Multifunctional Platform Based on Strong, Intrinsically Photoluminescent and Antimicrobial Silica‐Poly(citrates)‐Based Hybrid Biodegradable Elastomers for Bone Regeneration

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113124/1/adfm201501712-sup-0001-S1.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113124/2/adfm201501712.pd

Are late hernia mesh complications linked to Staphylococci biofilms?

Published online: 14 March 2022Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the link between bacterial biofilms and negative outcomes of hernia repair surgery. As biofilms are known to play a role in mesh-related infections, we investigated the presence of biofilms on hernia meshes, which had to be explanted due to mesh failure without showing signs of bacterial infection. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, 20 paraffin-embedded tissue sections from explanted groin hernia meshes were analysed. Meshes have been removed due to chronic pain, hernia recurrence or mesh shrinkage. The presence and bacterial composition of biofilms were determined. First, specimens were stained with fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) probes, specific for Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, and visualised by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Second, DNA was extracted from tissue and identified by S. aureus and S. epidermidis specific PCR. Results: Confocal microscopy showed evidence of bacterial biofilms on meshes in 15/20 (75.0%) samples, of which 3 were positive for S. aureus, 3 for coagulase-negative staphylococci and 9 for both species. PCR analysis identified biofilms in 17/20 (85.0%) samples, of which 4 were positive for S. aureus, 4 for S. epidermidis and 9 for both species. Combined results from FISH/microscopy and PCR identified staphylococci biofilms in 19/20 (95.0%) mesh samples. Only 1 (5.0%) mesh sample was negative for bacterial biofilm by both techniques. Conclusion: Results suggest that staphylococci biofilms may be associated with hernia repair failure. A silent, undetected biofilm infection could contribute to mesh complications, chronic pain and exacerbation of disease.P. Patiniott, A. Jacombs, L. Kaul, H. Hu, M. Warner, B. Klosterhalfen, A. Karatassas, G. Maddern, K. Richte

The consequences and prevention of bacterial biofilm infection of silicone breast implants

Thesis by publication.Bibliography: pages 201-239.Chapter 1. Where did this story begin? -- Chapter 2. Materials and methods -- Chapter 3. Presence of biofilm containing viable multiresistant organisms despite terminal cleaning on clinical surfaces in an Intensive Care Unit -- Chapter 4. An interesting finding -- Chapter 5. is there infection after implant insertion? -- Chapter 6. Does the implant surface play a role in the formation of capsular contracture in the porcine model? -- Chapter 7. Can bacterial biofilm be prevented -- Chapter 8. Biofilm at the implant interface -- Chapter 9. Conclusion.Bacteria are one of the most successful organisms on the Earth’s surface. Mankind has evolved to utilise many of the actions of bacteria to our benefit and advantage, such as synergistic bacterial colonisation of the gut and its function in digestion. Bacteria also cause many human diseases. Indeed one of the most important human advances over the past 200 years has been the rapid development of the Discipline of Microbiology as it has given medicine the knowledge and ability to now treat and cure many of these previously life-threatening infections.The discovery of bacteria living within communal structures, or biofilms, in the 1970’s challenged much of our scientific and medical knowledge of bacteria in health and disease. Bacterial biofilms are now acknowledged to be important in the aetiology of many infections, including infections of surgical implants. Biofilm infection is estimated to occur in between 1-9% of all surgical implants, depending on the device. These infections are characterised by a chronic indolent inflammatory process that can be punctuated by localised or embolic septic events. They are very difficult to diagnose and treat, commonly requiring surgical removal with or without implant replacement and are associated with rapidly increasing health care costs that are not sustainable into the future.Silicone breast implants are just one type of surgical implant where bacterial biofilm infection has been implicated in a chronic fibrotic inflammation of the implant capsule. There is now increasing evidence that this may lead to capsular contracture, the most common long-term complication of silicone breast implants.This thesis reviews the evidence for the role of bacterial biofilm infection of breast implants and the formation of capsular contracture. It also uses the porcine model of biofilm infection of silicone implants to: 1) further investigate the role of endogenous breast bacteria in the development of capsular contracture; 2) evaluate the ability of a novel antibiotic prosthetic cover to prevent bacterial biofilm infection; 3) investigate the cellular immune response to biofilm infection of silicone implants; and 4) postulate whether biofilm-related chronic inflammation and its immune response may be implicated in the neoplastic process of the new entity of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma.Mode of access: World wide web1 online resource (xiv, 258 pages) illustrations (some colour

Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNuPE) analysis of the G6PD gene in somatic cells and oocytes of a kangaroo (Macropus robustus)

cDNA sequence analysis of the X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene has shown a base difference between two subspecies of the kangaroo, Macropus robustus robustus (wallaroo) and M. r. erubescens (euro). A thymine residue in the wallaroo at position 358 in exon 5 has been replaced by a cytosine residue in the euro, which accounts for the previously reported electrophoretic difference between the two subspecies. This base difference allowed use of the Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNuPE) technique to study allele-specific expression of G6PD at the transcriptional level. We began by examining G6PD expression in somatic cells and observed complete paternal X inactivation in all somatic tissues of adult female heterozygotes, whereas we found partial paternal allele activity in cultured fibroblasts, thus confirming previous allozyme electrophoresis studies. In late dictyate oocytes from an adult heterozygote, the assay also detected expression of both the maternal and paternal alleles at the G6PD locus, with the maternal allele showing preferential expression. Thus reactivation of the inactive paternally derived X chromosome occurs during oogenesis in M. robustus, although the exact timing of reactivation remains to be determined

Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNuPE) analysis of the G6PD gene in somatic cells and oocytes of a kangaroo (Macropus robustus)

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Biofilms and effective porosity of hernia mesh: are they silent assassins?

PURPOSE:The purpose of this paper is to communicate two new concepts with the potential to cause major morbidity in hernia repair, effective porosity and biofilm. These 2 concepts are interrelated and have the potential to result in mesh-related complications. Effective porosity is a term well described in the textile industry. It is best defined as the changes to pore morphology after implantation of mesh in situ. It is heavily dependent on mesh construct and repair technique and has the potential to impact hernia repair by reducing mesh tissue integration and promoting fibrosis. Bacterial biofilm is a well-described condition affecting prosthesis in breast and join replacement surgery with catastrophic consequences. There is a paucity of information on bacterial biofilm in mesh hernia repair. We speculate that bacterial biofilm has the potential to reduce the effective porosity of mesh, resulting in non-suppurative mesh-related complications as well as the potential for late suppurative infections. We describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and preventative measures to address bacterial biofilm in mesh hernia surgery. Hernia surgeons should be familiar with these two new concepts which have the potential to cause major morbidity in hernia repair and know how to address them. METHODS:Ovid Medline and PubMed were searched for communications on "effective porosity" and "bacterial biofilm". RESULTS:There is a paucity of information in the literature of these conditions and their impact on outcomes following mesh hernia repair. CONCLUSIONS:We discuss the two concepts of effective porosity and biofilm and propose potential measures to reduce mesh-related complications. This includes choosing mesh with superior mesh construct and technical nuances in implanting mesh to improve effective porosity. Furthermore, measures to reduce bacterial biofilm and its consequences are suggested.A. S. W. Jacombs, A. Karatassas, B. Klosterhalfen, K. Richter, C. Hensma