Women and Men in Legal Proceedings: A European Historical Perspectives

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Danske ligprædikener 1565-1610. Køn, stand og embede i en litterær genre

Danish funeral sermons 1565-1610Gender, class and office in a literary genreThe first published funeral sermon in Danish appeared in 1565, and funeral sermons became a popular genre in Danish literature until the late 18th century. Unlike the German funeral sermons, the Danish sermons have been generally ignored by historians apart from using the data for the deceased found in the sermon. Literary historians have paid more attention the texts, but the genre still lacks a general survey. This article focuses on the printed funeral sermons that appeared during the first 50 years with special attention to their treatment of men and women as officeholders, which for women meant the office as holder of crown fiefs (lensmænd).During the period under discussion, 54 funeral sermons appeared in print, 22 for women and 32 for men, all from the higher ranks of the nobility. Not included in these numbers are three funeral sermons for children. From the beginning, the printed funeral sermons contained the actual sermon held at the funeral and a biography of the deceased with focus both on his or her life and on his or her death. Fairly soon, a preface by the preacher addressed to the bereaved – either the widow, widower, children and/or other relatives – is included. This preface also gives valuable historical information. One feature, that has been noted and used in reconstructing noble pedigrees, is the list of ancestors and ancestresses of the deceased that was introduced (as part of the biography) in 1573 and expanded during the 1580's until it became standard to begin the biographical part by listing parents, grandparents, great-grandparents and a few great-great-grandfathers. This development corresponds to the growing interest in their genealogies by the nobility that became a closed class in 1536.Two of the funeral sermons concern a couple, Otte Rud (d. 1565) and Pernille Oxe (d. 1576), both of whom were crown fief holders. However, their biographies differ when it comes to describing this. While Otte Rud’s crown fief holdings are listed – along with his other offices, concluding that of admiral of the Danish fleet – Pernille Oxe’s nine-year tenure as crown fief holder (of a major crown fief) is completely ignored. This turns out to be the case also for the other four women who held crown fiefs, and whose funeral sermons were published. In one case, there is a hint of the deceased woman holding office, but the office is not specified and she is described as an exception, possessing male virtues. During the 16th century, women made up 11% of those holding major fiefs, and 20% of those holding minor fiefs. In contrast, all funeral sermons for men refer to their offices, including their crown fief holdings. The virtues necessary for being a good crown fief holder were not those considered ideal for noble women to possess, and did not serve the edifying purpose of the funeral sermons, and mention of office holding was therefore as a rule omitted

Less Favored – More Favored: Queenship and the Special Case of Margrete of Denmark, 1353-1412

Some ten years ago, the German historian Armin Wolf published an article on reigning queens, that is, queens ruling in their own right not as spouse or widow of a king in medieval Europe. Among the women, he dealt with, was the Danish queen Margrete whom he considered representative of a general European pattern according to which women could inherit the throne and under special circumstances remain there. Margrete, however, does not fit into this pattern. She was regent and for a brief period reigning queen of three countries with different traditions and legislation concerning royal succession. The legal foundation of her reign was not inheritance, but a combination of traditional regency for a minor king and exceptional regency for the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden in general. The career of Margrete was founded on a mixture of rules and practices for female exercise of power, which combined with her great political intelligence produced an unusual career. The history of Margrete illustrates well the legal conditions in which gender could offer women advantages as well as disadvantages.Some ten years ago, the German historian Armin Wolf published an article on reigning queens, that is, queens ruling in their own right not as spouse or widow of a king in medieval Europe. Among the women, he dealt with, was the Danish queen Margrete whom he considered representative of a general European pattern according to which women could inherit the throne and under special circumstances remain there. Margrete, however, does not fit into this pattern. She was regent and for a brief period reigning queen of three countries with different traditions and legislation concerning royal succession. The legal foundation of her reign was not inheritance, but a combination of traditional regency for a minor king and exceptional regency for the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden in general. The career of Margrete was founded on a mixture of rules and practices for female exercise of power, which combined with her great political intelligence produced an unusual career. The history of Margrete illustrates well the legal conditions in which gender could offer women advantages as well as disadvantages

The effects of feed composition on the sensory quality of organic rainbow trout during ice storage

The focus of this work was to study which effects the type of protein and lipid source in the feed for organic Rainbow trout influences had on the sensory quality of final product. Two and four different protein and lipid sources were used in the experiment respectively. The protein sources were fishmeal and a mixture of protein from organic vegetable, while the lipid sources were fish oil and organic oil from linseed, sunflower, rapeseed and grape seed. Sensory analysis was performed after 3, 5, 7 and 14 days of storage in ice. The results showed that both protein and lipid source in the feed can influence sensory characteristics of the trout. After 3 and 7 days of storage in ice differences in the sensory characteristics between rainbow trout’s which have had different lipid sources in the feed were observed. While a difference between the trout fed with different protein sources were observed after 14 days of storage, indicating that vegetable protein in the feed increases the self-life of organic rainbow trout

The effect of feed composition on the sensory quality of organic rainbow trout during ice storage

The aim of this work was to study whether the type of protein and lipid source in feed for organic Rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) influenced the sensory quality. The protein sources were fishmeal and a matrix of organic vegetable plant mealsproteins, while the lipid sources were fish oil and organic oils of linseed, sunflower, rapeseed and grape seed, respectively. Sensory profiling was performed after 3, 5, 7 and 14 days of storage in ice. Besides sensory analysis also lipid profiles weare measured. The resultsed showed that the lipid type in the feed aeffected the sensory characteristics after 3 days of storage. Especially the trout that had grape seed oil in the feed had a different sensory profile than the trout that had fish oil in the feed. These differences could be explained by the lipid profiles in the fillets. Also after 7 days of ice storage differences in the sensory profile wereas observed again as a result of the used lipid types used. After 7 days of ice storage ThusHere the trout that had grape seed oil orand rapeseed oil for instance had a more neutral flavor and odor profile compared to the other trout fed on linseed or sunflower oil´s. After 14 days of storage no effect of lipid type in the feed was observed, but the trout which had fish meal as protein source had higher intensity of several negative sensory descriptors compared to trout that had the vegetable protein matrix. Overall the results showed that the dietaryfeeds content of protein and lipid aeffecteds the sensory characteristics of the trout in different ways during the ice storage period

The effect of protein and lipid source in organic feed for organic trout on sensory quality

The aim of this work was to study whether the type of protein and lipid source in feed for organic Rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) influenced the sensory quality. The protein sources were fishmeal and a matrix of organic vegetable plant mealsproteins, while the lipid sources were fish oil and organic oils of linseed, sunflower, rapeseed and grape seed, respectively. Sensory profiling was performed after 3, 5, 7 and 14 days of storage in ice. Besides sensory analysis also lipid profiles weare measured. The resultsed showed that the lipid type in the feed aeffected the sensory characteristics after 3 days of storage. Especially the trout that had grape seed oil in the feed had a different sensory profile than the trout that had fish oil in the feed. These differences could be explained by the lipid profiles in the fillets. Also after 7 days of ice storage differences in the sensory profile wereas observed again as a result of the used lipid types used. After 7 days of ice storage ThusHere the trout that had grape seed oil orand rapeseed oil for instance had a more neutral flavor and odor profile compared to the other trout fed on linseed or sunflower oil´s. After 14 days of storage no effect of lipid type in the feed was observed, but the trout which had fish meal as protein source had higher intensity of several negative sensory descriptors compared to trout that had the vegetable protein matrix. Overall the results showed that the dietaryfeeds content of protein and lipid aeffecteds the sensory characteristics of the trout in different ways during the ice storage period

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Kommentar til Mette Fredslund, Louise Laursen, Stine Thygesen, Hilde Ulvseth og Maria Christina Secher: “Systematiseret klassekammerathjælp i natur/teknologi – en materieldialogisk tilgang”, MONA, 2023(2)