Feeding of reindeer calves for slaughtering in the autumn

Experiments have been carried out for testing the profit of feeding reindeer calves to slaughter maturity in the autumn. The calves were fed a special reindeer calf feed KF-71 (see Table 1 & 2). 16 male calves were fed from September 9th to November 7th. The feed consumption per kg gain in dressed weight was 14,2 kg (estimated to 12,8 fattening feed units). The gain in dressed weight in the period was 5,8 kg per animal. Using the today price of reindeer feed and reindeer meat the feeding in this trial has not been profitable. Some other circumstances which are of importance in estimating the economy by feeding of reindeer calves for slaughter are discussed.Teurastettavien poronvasojen ruokinta syksylla.Abstract in Finnish / Ybteenveto: Poronvasojen ruokinnan kannattavuutta teurastusta silmallapitaen om selvitetty kokeellisesti erityisella tahan tarkoitukseen valmistetulla vakirehulla (taulukot 1 ja 2). Kokeissa ruokittiin 16 vasaa syyskuun 9. ja marraskuun 7. paivan valisena aikana. Rehun kulutus teuraspainon lisayksena saavutettua kiloa kohti oli 14,2 kg. Ruokintajakson aikana teuraspaino lisaantyi elainta kohti 5,8 kg. Kun huomioidaan ruokinnassa kaytetyn rehun hinta ja toisaalta vasanlihan hinta ei ruokinta ollut kannattavaa. Kirjoituksessa pohditaan myos muita suhteita, joilla on merkitysta arvioitaessa teurastettavien poronvasojen ruokinnan taloudellisuutta.Oppforing av reinkalver for slakting om høsten.Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Det er gjort forsøk for å belyse lønnsomheten ved oppforing av reinkalver til slakt om høsten med et kraftfor laget til dette formål (se Tabell 1og 2). 16 oksekalver ble foret i tidsrommet 9/9 til 7/11. Forforbruket pr. kg tilvekst i slaktevekt var 14,2 kg(beregnet til 12,8 f.f.e.). Tilveksten i slaktevekt i perioden er beregnet til 5,8 kg pr. dyr. Med de priser vi idag har på reinkalvfor og på kalvekjøtt har denne foringen ikke vært regningssvarende. Det er diskutert andre forhold som har betydning for vurdering av økonomien ved oppforing av reinkalv til slakt

Dynamic Aspects of Solid Solution Cathodes for Electrochemical Power Sources

Battery systems based on alkali metal anodes and solid solution cathodes, i.e., cathodes based on the insertion of the alkali cation in a "host lattice," show considerable promise for high energy density storage batteries. This paper discusses the interaction between battery requirements, in particular for vehicle propulsion, and electrochemical nd constructional factors. It is argued that the energy obtainable at a given load is l imited by saturation of the surface layers of cathode particles with cations, and that the time before saturation occurs is determined by diffusion of cations and electrons into the host lattice. Expressions are developed for plane, cylindrical, and spherical particles, giving the relation between battery load and the amount of cath-ode material utilized before saturation. The particle shape and a: single pa-rameter Q is used to describe cathode performance. Q is the ratio between dis-charge time at 100 % utilization of the cathode at the given load, and the time constant for diffusion through the cathode particles. This description is ex

Polylactide - Biologisch abbaubare Kunststoffe aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen für neue Anwendungen

In den vergangenen Jahren haben gesellschaftlich geprägte Gründe aus völlig unterschiedlichen Richtungen die Förderung der Verwendung von Biopolymeren auch im Verpackungssektor forciert und werden in den folgenden Jahren die Einführung solcher Kunststoffe in unterschiedlichen Anwendungsgebieten fördern. Bedingt durch die wachsenden Entsorgungsprobleme des Wohlstandsmüllberges, der mangels Fläche in Europa kaum mehr deponiert werden kann, der andererseits aufgrund öffentlicher Akzeptanzprobleme aber auch nicht verbrannt werden soll, traten in letzter Zeit Biopolymere in den Vordergrund der Überlegungen zur Reduzierung der Verpackungsmüllmengen. Biopolymere können nach Gebrauch durch die kombinierte Einwirkung von Wärme, Feuchtigkeit und Mikroorganismen in ihre Grundbestandteile zerlegt werden. Sicher sind die in Europa im Aufbau befindlichen Kompostieranlagen nicht in der Lage, große Mengen Biopolymere sofort aufzunehmen und umzusetzen, doch haben sie den entscheidenden Vorteil, sich in allen bekannten Entsorgungswegen wie Deponierung, Verbrennung, Kompostierung, sogar im Recycling unkritisch zu verhalten

Three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of Io's non-linear interaction with the Jovian magnetosphere

For the present dissertation an advanced three-dimensional MHD model has been developed to investigate the interaction of Io with the Jovian magnetosphere. The interrelation we study in the present work originates from the relative movement of a satellite with respect to the surrounding magnetic field and magnetospheric plasma. Several phenomena like auroral, radio emissions and energetic electron beams are associated with such interaction. The type of interaction is common in the Jovian system. Besides Io, other Galilean moons like Europa and Ganymede likewise interact with the surrounding magnetoplasma. Moreover Saturn's moon Enceladus exhibits similar interplay. Hence, the plasmaphysical satellite-planet interaction, best known for Io, is most likely common in the universe and thus worthwhile to be closely investigated. Io's relative motion in the plasma torus perturbs the magnetospheric plasma. The generated plasma waves are partly reflected at plasma density gradients, but also at the auroral acceleration region. The result is a complex and fluctuating wave pattern located downstream of Io. This is documented by the highly structured auroral imprint of this pattern which was found to exhibit considerable temporal variations. Another consequence of the electromagnetic interaction of Io with the magnetoplasma is the generation of trans-hemispheric energetic electron beams in the auroral acceleration region. These beams have been detected in-situ in the equatorial plane by the Galileo probe. Auroral spots in the conjugate hemisphere associated with these beams were also identified remotely in HST observations. They have the outstanding property, that they are, other than the reflection associated footprint pattern, sometimes located upstream of the main Io footprint. However, also this position was found to vary notably. Partly the variations of Io's imprint in the aurora can be described, by Io's oscillation in the plasma torus. Yet, this concept cannot explain all observations. In order to study the interaction system in detail, we enhance an ideal MHD model by incorporating an effective collision frequency to account for Io's interaction with the incoming plasma. Moreover, we implement resistivity in order to allow for the potential drop in the auroral acceleration region. Different plasma density domains represent the various plasma regimes along the travel path of the waves. We investigate how and to what extent different factors influence the Io footprint morphology and conclude that particularly the interaction strength has an impact on the reflection geometry and thus on the footprint pattern. Our results agree qualitatively with observational findings. Our model allows furthermore to deduce locations of equatorial electron beams. The results match the locations of actual beam detections by Galileo. We also present a separate model to estimate inter-spot distances and compare our predictions to both, the observations and the Simulation results. Besides to Io, we apply our model to the interaction of Enceladus with Saturn. We weight the possibility of Alfven wave reflection in this particular case, and find possible evidence for a reflected Alfven wave signature in the Cassini magnetic field observations. We support this hypotheses by results obtained with our numerical model

Weight development and survival rate of reindeer calves treated against Oedemagena tarandi L and Cephenemyia trompe L

Three trials with treatment of reindeer warbles are carried out. All treated groups were injected intramuscularly with Warbex (35%, American Cyanamid), dosage 10 mg active ingredient/10 kg live weight. In total 911 calves and 403 adult females were included in the experiments. All animals were individually marked with plastic eartags. The trials tried to give answers as to the effect of treatment on: a) weight development during winter, b) weight development to the normal age of slaughter (18 months) and c) loss rate during winter. One trial deals with the effect of weight loss during winter by different date of treatment. All studies are undertaken within sex. Generelly the trials show that treated animals lost more weight during winter than untreated. There was found significant higher weight loss for treated female calves (0.7 kg, p=0.005) in the period January 13. — April 28. in trial I and for male calves (0.8 kg, p=0.01) in the period February 14. — April 4. in trial II. There is a trend that treatment increases the slaughter weight. A significant higher increase in the slaughter weight (0.8 kg, p=0.05) of treated male calves was found in trial III. No effect was found by treatment in the loss of animals in winter. The calves lossed during winter had a significant lower live weight at the start of the trial compared to those which survived. In the period February 14. — April 4. there was a higher weight loss in the male calves which were treated on February 14. compared to those treated on November 27. (0.5 kg, p=0.01). Forsøk med behandling av reinkalver mot reinbremslarver (Oedemagena tarandi L og Cephenemyia trompe L).Effekt på kalvens kondisjon målt ved levende vekt og overlevingsevne.Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Det er utført tre forsøk med behandling av rein mot reinbremselarver (Oedemagena tarandi L.) og Cephenemyia trompe L.). I alle forsøk er brukt intramuskulær injeksjon av Warbex (Am. Cyanamid) 35% med dosering 30 mg aktivt stoff pr. 10 kg levende vekt. I alt inngår 911 kalver og 403 voksne simler i forsøkene. Forsøkene har søkt å gi svar på mulige effekter av nevnte behandling på a) vektutvikling om vinteren, b) vektutvikling frem til normalt slaktetidspunkt (18 mndr.),c) tap av dyr om vinteren. Videre er det søkt å gi svar på om behandlingstidspunktet (27/11 og 14/2) har betydning for vekttapet om vinteren, alle undersøkelser er gjort innen kjønn. Generelt viser forsøkene at behandlede dyr tar av mer i vekt om vinteren enn ubehandlede dyr. Det ble funnet signifikant større vekttap for behandlede simlekalver (0.7 kg, p=0.005) i tidsrommet 13/1—28/4 i forsøk I og for behandlede bukkekalver (0.8 kg, p=0.01) i tidsrommet 14/2—4/4 i forsøk II. Det er også en tendens til at behandlingen virker til å øke slaktevekten. Det ble således funnet signifikant høyere økning i slaktevekt (0.8 kg, p=0.05) for behandlede bukker i forsøk III. Det ble ikke påvist effekt av behandlingen på tap av dyr om vinteren. De kalvene som ble borte om vinteren hadde signifikant lavere vekt ved forsøkets start sammenlignet med de som overlevde. I perioden 14/2—4/4 ble det funnet større vekttap hos de bukkekalver som ble behandlet 14/2 sammenlignet med behandling 27/11 (0.5 kg, p=0.01).Koikelu poronvasojen hoitamiseksi poropaarmantoukkia vastaan. Vaikutus vasojen kuntoon mittana elopaino ja henkiinjååmiskyky.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Suoritettiin kolme koetta porossa loisina esiintyvien kurmunja saulakantoukkien (Oedemagena tarandi L ja Cephenemyia trompe L) torjumiseksi. Kokeissa kåytetiin Warbex-35%:sta valmistetta ruiskeena lihakseen, annoksen suuruus oli 30 mg vaikuttavaa ainetta 10 elopainokiloa kohti. Kaikkiaan kokeissa kåsiteltiin 911 vasaa ja 403 vaadinta. Kokeissa selviteltiin kåsittelyn mahdollisia seurausvaikutuksia a) talven aikaiseen painonkehitykseen b) painonkehitykseen normaaliin teurastusajankohtaan saakka (18 kk) c) elainten talviaikaiseen katoon. Lisåksi pyrittiin vielå selvittåmåån onko kåsittelyajankohdalla (27.11. ja 14.2.) merkitystå porork talvella tapahtuvaan painonalenemiseen. Kokeet tehtiin samaa sukupuolta olevilla elåimillå. Yleisesti kokeet osoittavat, ettå kåsiteltyjen elainten paino våhenee talvella enemmån kuin kåsittelemåttomien elainten paino. Koe I osoitti, etta kåsiteltyjen naarasvasojen paino aleni merkittåvåsti (0.7 kg, p=0.005) 13.1.—28.4. vålisenå aikana, samoin kokeessa II kåsiteltyjen urovasojen (0.8 kg, p=0.01) 14.2—4.4. vålisenå aikana. Kåsittely nåyttåå myos kohottavan teuraspainoa. Kokeessa III havaittiin kåsitellyillå uroksilla merkittåvån korkea teuraspainon lisååntyminen (0.8 kg, p=0.05). Kasittelyn mahdollista vaikutusta porojen menehtymiseen talvella ei voitu osoittaa. Ne vasat, joita ei talvella tavattu, olivat jo kokeen alkaessa huomattavasti keveåmpiå kuin ne vasat, jotka såilyivåt yli talven. 14.2. kåsitellyt urovasat menettivat 14.2.—4.4. vålisenå aikana enemmån painoa kuin 27.11. kåsitellyt (0.5 kg, p=0.01)