29,988 research outputs found
Towards a full ab initio theory of strong electronic correlations in nanoscale devices
In this paper I give a detailed account of an ab initio methodology for
describing strong electronic correlations in nanoscale devices hosting
transition metal atoms with open - or -shells. The method combines
Kohn-Sham Density Functional Theory for treating the weakly interacting
electrons on a static mean-field level with non-perturbative many-body methods
for the strongly interacting electrons in the open - and -shells. An
effective description of the strongly interacting electrons in terms of a
multi-orbital Anderson impurity model is obtained by projection onto the
strongly correlated subspace properly taking into account the non-orthogonality
of the atomic basis set. A special focus lies on the ab initio calculation of
the effective screened interaction matrix U for the Anderson model. Solution of
the effective Anderson model with the One-Crossing approximation or other
impurity solver techniques yields the dynamic correlations within the strongly
correlated subspace giving rise e.g. to the Kondo effect. As an example the
method is applied to the case of a Co adatom on the Cu(001) surface. The
calculated low-bias tunnel spectra show Fano-Kondo lineshapes similar to those
measured in experiments. The exact shape of the Fano-Kondo feature as well as
its width depend quite strongly on the filling of the Co -shell. Although
this somewhat hampers accurate quantitative predictions regarding lineshapes
and Kondo temperatures, the overall physical situation can be predicted quite
reliably.Comment: 30 pages, 6 figure
Holographic Bound from Second Law
The holographic bound that the entropy (log of number of quantum states) of a
system is bounded from above by a quarter of the area of a circumscribing
surface measured in Planck areas is widely regarded a desideratum of any
fundamental theory, but some exceptions occur. By suitable black hole gedanken
experiments I show that the bound follows from the generalized second law for
two broad classes of isolated systems: generic weakly gravitating systems
composed of many elementary particles, and quiescent, nonrotating strongly
gravitating configurations well above Planck mass. These justify an early claim
by Susskind.Comment: Invited talk at Marcel Grossman IX meeting in Rome, July 2000;
improved version of Phys. Lett. B 481, 339 (2000). 7 pages, LaTeX with
included mprocl.st
An alternative to the dark matter paradigm: relativistic MOND gravitation
MOND, invented by Milgrom, is a phenomenological scheme whose basic premise
is that the visible matter distribution in a galaxy or cluster of galaxies
alone determines its dynamics. MOND fits many observations surprisingly well.
Could it be that there is no dark matter in these systems and we witness rather
a violation of Newton's universal gravity law ? If so, Einstein's general
relativity would also be violated. For long conceptual problems have prevented
construction of a consistent relativistic substitute which does not obviously
run afoul of the facts. Here I sketch TeVeS, a tensor-vector-scalar field
theory which seems to fit the bill: it has no obvious conceptual problems and
has a MOND and Newtonian limits under the proper circumstances. It also passes
the elementary solar system tests of gravity theory.Comment: 18 pages, invited talk at the 28th Johns Hopkins Workshop on Current
Problems in Particle Theory, June 2004, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.
Corrections to Sec.7 for error pointed out by D. Giannios. To appear online
in JHEP Proceedings of Scienc
Do We Understand Black Hole Entropy ?
I review various proposals for the nature of black hole entropy and for the
mechanism behind the operation of the generalized second law. I stress the
merits of entanglement entropy {\tenit qua\/} black hole entropy, and point out
that, from an operational viewpoint, entanglement entropy is perfectly finite.
Problems with this identification such as the multispecies problem and the
trivialization of the information puzzle are mentioned. This last leads me to
associate black hole entropy rather with the multiplicity of density operators
which describe a black hole according to exterior observers. I relate this
identification to Sorkin's proof of the generalized second law. I discuss in
some depth Frolov and Page's proof of the same law, finding it relevant only
for scattering of microsystems by a black hole. Assuming that the law is
generally valid I make evident the existence of the universal bound on entropy
regardless of issues of acceleration buoyancy, and discuss the question of why
macroscopic objects cannot emerge in the Hawking radiance.Comment: plain TeX, 18 pages, Plenary talk at Seventh Marcel Grossman meeting
at Stanford University, gr-qc/9409015, revised to include a figur
Preparing the State of a Black Hole
Measurements of the mass or angular momentum of a black hole are onerous,
particularly if they have to be frequently repeated, as when one is required to
transform a black hole to prescribed parameters. Irradiating a black hole of
the Kerr-Newman family with scalar or electromagnetic waves provides a way to
drive it to prescribed values of its mass, charge and angular momentum without
the need to repeatedly measure mass or angular momentum throughout the process.
I describe the mechanism, which is based on Zel'dovich-Misner superradiance and
its analog for charged black holes. It represents a possible step in the
development of preparation procedures for quantum black holes.Comment: Essay in honor of Mario Novello's sixtieth birthday. LaTeX 209, 12
pages, no figure
Disturbing the Black Hole
I describe some examples in support of the conjecture that the horizon area
of a near equilibrium black hole is an adiabatic invariant. These include a
Schwarzschild black hole perturbed by quasistatic scalar fields (which may be
minimally or nonminimally coupled to curvature), a Kerr black under the
influence of scalar radiation at the superradiance treshold, and a
Reissner--Nordstr\"om black hole absorbing a charge marginally. These clarify
somewhat the conditions under which the conjecture would be true. The desired
``adiabatic theorem'' provides an important motivation for a scheme for black
hole quantization.Comment: 15 pages, LaTeX with crckapb style, to appear in ``The Black Hole
Trail'', eds. B. Bhawal and B. Iyer (Kluwer, Dordrecht 1998
Optimizing entropy bounds for macroscopic systems
The universal bound on specific entropy was originally inferred from black
hole thermodynamics. We here show from classical thermodynamics alone that for
a system at fixed volume or fixed pressure, the ratio of entropy to
nonrelativistic energy has a unique maximum . A simple
argument from quantum dynamics allows one to set a model--independent upper
bound on which is usually much tighter than the universal
bound. We illustrate with two examples.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figures, LaTe
Statistics of black hole radiance and the horizon area spectrum
The statistical response of a Kerr black hole to incoming quantum radiation
has heretofore been studied by the methods of maximum entropy or quantum field
theory in curved spacetime. Neither approach pretends to take into account the
quantum structure of the black hole itself. To address this last issue we
calculate here the conditional probability distribution associated with the
hole's response by assuming that the horizon area has a discrete quantum
spectrum, and that its quantum evolution corresponds to jumps between adjacent
area eigenvalues, possibly occurring in series, with consequent emission or
absorption of quanta, possibly in the same mode. This "atomic" model of the
black hole is implemented in two different ways and recovers the previously
calculated radiation statistics in both cases. The corresponding conditional
probably distribution is here expressed in closed form in terms of an
hypergeometric function.Comment: RevTeX, 9 page
The Limits of Information
Black holes have their own thermodynamics including notions of entropy and
temperature and versions of the three laws. After a light introduction to black
hole physics, I recollect how black hole thermodynamics evolved in the 1970's,
while at the same time stressing conceptual points which were given little
thought at that time, such as why the entropy should be linear in the black
hole's surface area. I also review a variety of attempts made over the years to
provide a statistical mechanics for black hole thermodynamics. Finally, I
discuss the origin of the information bounds for ordinary systems that have
arisen as applications of black hole thermodynamics.Comment: LaTeX, 10 pages, Invited talk at International Conference on the
Foundations of Statistical Mechanics, Jerusalem May 2000. To appear in the
Dec. 2001 issue of Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics.
Typos corrected and one reference adde
If vacuum energy can be negative, why is mass always positive?: Uses of the subdominant trace energy condition
Diverse calculations have shown that a relativistic field confined to a
cavity by well defined boundary conditions can have a negative Casimir or
vacuum energy. Why then can one not make a finite system with negative mass by
confining the field in a some way? We recall, and justify in detail, the not so
familiar subdominant trace energy condition for ordinary (baryon-electron
nonrelativistic) matter. With its help we show, in two ways, that the
mass-energy of the cavity structure necessary to enforce the boundary
conditions must exceed the magnitude of the negative vacuum energy, so that all
systems of the type envisaged necessarily have positive mass-energy.Comment: LaTeX, 19 pages, added references and some clarifying remarks.
Conclusions unchange
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