Stanford Longitudinal Study, 1973-1982

The purpose of this study, initiated at Stanford University, was to examine (1) the relations of birth hormones to later behavior and gender differences in boys and girls from birth to 6 years; (2) parent-child relationships; and (3) the interaction between the childs temperament and the adults attitudinal and behavioral responses. Participants were 257 infants from normal births with Apgar 3-minute scores of 7 or above. All participants were English-speaking, and middle/upper-middle class. Participants were predominantly white and represented equal numbers of males and females throughout. Initiated in 1973, this longitudinal study followed 257 children (birth-6 years) in 3 cohorts at varying age-intervals. During the 9-year period of study, 156 of the 257 subjects (60.7%) across three cohorts were not available for further study. At birth, 15cc of blood from the umbilical cord was collected by delivery room nurses. Measures of strength, behavior patterns, cognitive ability, and parent-child interaction were administered at varying age intervals to subjects over the course of the study. Among measures were Apgar scores, standardized cognitive tests, parent questionnaires, teacher questionnaires, parent interviews, 24 or 36-hour state and mood diaries, sleep schedules, observations of child and parents in different situations. The study assessed mother-child interaction, father-child interaction, parenting style, strength of child, sleep patterns of child, timidity of child, cognitive ability of child, state and mood of child (for example, if the child's state is asleep or awake; if the child's mood is happy or angry), and child's reaction to different stimuli. The Murray Archive holds additional analogue materials for this study (original record paper data). If you would like to access this material, please apply to use the data. Audio Data Availability Note: This study contains audio data that have been digitized. There are 564 audio files available

Gender and Organizations: A Selective Review and a Critique of a Neglected Area

This paper has two linked tasks: one strategic, the other tactical. The first is to provide a critical review of the state of knowledge within organization theory of the topic of gender and organizations. This is seen as a necessary project both because of the relative neglect of the topic and the scatter and variety of relevant literature. A second task, that is tactical in nature, is the reapplication of the typology of organizational analyses developed by Burrell and Morgan. The topic is reviewed in terms of functionalist, interpretive, radical structuralist, and radical humanist paradigms, together with the consideration of feminist critiques. Specific discussion is given to the questions of work and the division of labour, power and authority, and sexuality. The paper is concluded with a brief analysis of the implications of this literature for the general development of organization theory, and the specific implications for women and men researchers