Pengaruh Metode Pelatihan Terhadap Kemampuan Dan Kinerja Pegawai (Studi Pada Pegawai Struktural Balai Besar Pelatihan Pertanian (Bbpp) Ketindan-lawang)

This research aims explain the influence on the job training and off the job training to ability of employees, the influence on the job training and off the job training on employee performance, and the influence on the performance of employees working capabilities. Sample 45 employees structural BBPP Ketindan-Lawang with proportional random sampling. Type research explanatory with quantitative approach, describes effect between the variables and testing hypothesis. This research use descriptive statistical analysis frequency distribution of the mean values ​​of variables and inferential statistical with path analysis. These results are significant influence on the job training on ability working with probability (0.048<0.05). There is significant effect off the job training on ability working with probability value (0.000<0.05). There is a significant influence on the job training on employee performance with probability value (0.010<0.05). There is a significant effect off the job training on employee performance with probability value (0.027<0.05), ability to work on the performance of employees with probability value (0.000<0.05). The analysis show working ability as moderator variable relationships off the job training on employee performance, because value of indirect effect larger than the direct. Means off the job training is able to improve performance through greater capacity building

Microcosm Studies of Nutrient Cycling in Bahamian Stromatolites

I report results of field observations and experiments that examine the oxygen and nutrient fluxes for stromatolites in Highborne Cay in the Exumas, Bahamas. The aim of this study is to determine whether nutrients play a role in the transition of the community structure within the mats that is thought to be responsible for lithification and, ultimately, mat growth and structure. The research includes nutrient monitoring of the sediment and water column, and measures of rates of oxygen and inorganic nutrient exchange from stirred microcosm chamber incubations of mats with varied community structure. On the basis of mat community composition, I hypothesized that different mat types would have different fluxes, and that Highborne mats would be limited by one or more nutrients that efficient recycling within the mats might otherwise help supply. Samples of the four major mat types were sealed in stirred microcosm flux chambers, incubated in a circulating water bath, and sampled for oxygen, NH4, NO3, PO4, and Silicate. Nutrient addition, treatments of PO4 and Si were employed to investigate whether they stimulate primary productivity, signaling that mats are limited in these solutes. Nutrients in Highborne Cay were high in nitrogen relative to P, with N:P as high as 30. There was no difference in nutrient flux or productivity among mat types, and the addition of nutrients did not change mat productivity. These observations suggest that mat development in Highborne Cay is not limited by nutrients, but more likely structured by external physical factors such as the rate of turbulent flow which may limit the recruitment of competitors such as macroalgae and benthic branching diatoms

Soil Total Carbon and Crop Yield Affected by Crop Rotation and Cultural Practice

Stacked crop rotations and improved cultural practices have been used to control pests, but their impact on soil total carbon (STC) (soil organic carbon [SOC] + soil inorganic carbon [SIC]) and crop yield are lacking. We evaluated the effects of stacked vs. alternate-year rotations and cultural practices on STC at the 0- to 125-cm depth and annualized crop yields from 2005 to 2011 in the northern Great Plains. Stacked rotations were durum (Triticum turgidum L.)–durum–canola (Brassica napus L.)–pea (Pisum sativum L.) (D–D–C–P) and durum–durum–flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)–pea (D–D–F–P). Alternate-year rotations were durum–canola–durum–pea (D–C–D–P) and durum–flax–durum–pea (D–F–D–P). A continuous durum (CD) was used as a reference. Cultural practices were traditional (conventional till, recommended seed rate, broadcast N fertilization, and reduced stubble height) and ecological (no-till, increased seed rate, banded N fertilization, and increased stubble height) treatments. Annualized crop biomass residue returned to the soil and grain yield were greater with D–C–D–P and D–D–C–P than D–D–F–P and greater with the ecological than the traditional practice. The STC concentration increased with depth and was greater with CD and D–C–D–P than D–D–C–P and D–D–F–P in traditional and ecological practices at 20 to 50 cm. At 50 to 88 cm, STC concentration was greater with D–F–D–P than D–D–F–P in the traditional practice. At 0 to 125 cm, STC content was lower with D-D-F-P than other crop rotations. Stacked rotations, especially D–D–F–P, reduced soil C storage and crop yields compared with alternate-year rotations. For enhancing soil C storage and crop yields, alternate-year crop rotations are recommended

Dryland Corn Production and Water Use Affected by Tillage and Crop Management Intensity

Management strategies to enhance dryland corn (Zea mays L.) production and soil water use are lacking. We evaluated the effect of tillage and crop management intensity on the growth, yield, and water use of dryland corn from 2005 to 2010 in the northern Great Plains. Tillage systems (no-tillage, NT, and conventional tillage, CT) as main-plot and crop management to corn (traditional intensity: conventional seeding rates and reduced wheat, Triticum aestivumL., stubble height; and improved intensity: increased seeding rate for 3 out of 6 yr and wheat stubble height) as split-plot treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Corn plant stand was greater for CT than NT in 3 out of 6 yr and greater for the improved than the traditional intensity in 3 out of 3 yr. Seed number and grain yield were greater for NT than CT in 4 out of 6 yr. Biomass was greater for NT than CT in 1 out of 6 yr and greater for NT than CT in the traditional intensity. Corn plant height, seed weight, and harvest index as well as preplant and postharvest soil water, water use, and water-use efficiency were not influenced by treatments, but varied with years. Corn yield increased for NT compared with CT during years with below-average precipitation due to increased seed number and by reducing seeding rate and wheat stubble height. No-tillage with reduced seeding rate and wheat stubble height can enhance dryland corn production without affecting soil water

Nitrogen balance in dryland agroecosystem in response to tillage, crop rotation, and cultural practice

Accounting of N inputs and outputs and N retention in the soil provides N balance that measures agroecosystem performance and environmental sustainability. Because of the complexity of measurements of some N inputs and outputs, studies on N balance in long-term experiments are scanty. We examined the effect of 8 years of tillage, crop rotation, and cultural practice on N balance based on N inputs and outputs and soil N sequestration rate under dryland cropping systems in the northern Great Plains, USA. Tillage systems were no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) and crop rotations were continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (CW), spring wheat–pea (Pisum sativum L.) (W–P), spring wheat–barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.) hay–pea (W–B–P), and spring wheat–barley hay–corn (Zea mays L.)–pea (W–B–C–P). Cultural practices were traditional (conventional seed rates and plant spacing, conventional planting date, broadcast N fertilization, and reduced stubble height) and improved (variable seed rates and plant spacing, delayed planting, banded N fertilization, and increased stubble height). Total N input due to N fertilization, pea N fixation, atmospheric N deposition, crop seed N, and nonsymbiotic N fixation was greater with W–B–C–P than CW, regardless of tillage and cultural practices. Total N output due to aboveground biomass N removal and N losses due to denitrification, volatilization, plant senescence, N leaching, gaseous N (NOx) emissions, and surface runoff were not different among treatments. Nitrogen sequestration rate at 0–20 cm from 2004 to 2011 varied from 29 kg N ha−1 year−1 in CT with W–P to 89 kg N ha−1 year−1 in NT with W–P. Nitrogen balance varied from − 39 kg N ha−1year−1 in NT with CW and the improved practice to 41 kg N ha−1 year−1 in CT with W–P and the traditional practice. Because of legume N fixation and increased soil N sequestration rate, diversified crop rotations reduced external N inputs and increased aboveground biomass N removal, N flow, and N balance compared with monocropping, especially in the CT system. As a result, diversified legume–nonlegume crop rotation not only reduced the cost of N fertilization by reducing N fertilization rate, but also can be productive by increasing N uptake and N surplus and environmentally sustainable by reducing N losses compared with nonlegume monocropping, regardless of cultural practices in dryland agroecosystems

Pea Growth, Yield, and Quality in Different Crop Rotations and Cultural Practices

Dryland pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important pulse crop that can replace fallow or be added to existing crop rotations to sustain crop yields in arid and semiarid regions. Yet, we lack management practices to enhance yield and quality of dryland pea. This study evaluated the effect of crop rotation and cultural practices on dryland pea growth, yield, and quality from 2006 to 2011 in the northern Great Plains, USA. Stacked rotations were durum (Triticum turgidum L.)–durum–canola (Brassica napus L.)–pea (DDCP) and durum–durum–flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)–pea (DDFP), and alternate-year rotations were durum–canola–durum–pea (DCDP) and durum–flax–durum–pea (DFDP). Traditional cultural practice included a combination of conventional till, recommended seed rate, broadcast N fertilization, and reduced stubble height, and improved cultural practice a combination of no-till, increased seed rate, banded N fertilization, and increased stubble height. Pea pod number, plant height, grain yield, and N uptake were 4 to 18% greater with DCDP and DDCP than other rotations. Improved cultural practice increased stand count by 29% over traditional cultural practice. Biomass yield, N uptake, and grain protein concentration varied with crop rotations and cultural practices in various years. Seed number, seed weight, harvest index, and N harvest index were not influenced by treatments. Pea yield and N uptake increased with alternate-year rotation due to increased pod number and plant height. Stand count increased with improved cultural practice. Alternate-year crop rotations and improved cultural practice enhanced dryland pea yield and quality

Nitrogen balance in response to dryland crop rotations and cultural practices

Nitrogen balance provides a measure of agroecosystem performance and environmental sustainability by taking into accounts of N inputs and outputs and N retention in the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate N balance based on N inputs and outputs and soil N sequestration after 7 yr in response to five dryland crop rotations (two 4-yr stacked and two 4-yr alternate-year rotations and one monocropping) and two cultural practices arranged in a split-plot design in the northern Great Plains, USA. Stacked rotations were durum (Triticum turgidum L.)-durum-canola (Brassica napus L.)-pea (Pisum sativum L.) (D-D-C-P) and durum-durum-flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)-pea (D-D-F-P). Alternate-year rotations were durum-canola-durum-pea (D-C-D-P) and durum-flax-durum-pea (D-F-D-P). Monocroppping was continuous durum (CD). Cultural practices were traditional (conventional till, recommended seed rate, broadcast N fertilization, and reduced stubble height) and ecological (no-till, increased seed rate, banded N fertilization, and increased stubble height). Total annual N input due to N fertilization, pea N fixation, atmospheric N deposition, crop seed N, and nonsymbiotic N fixation was lower in CD than other crop rotations, regardless of cultural practices. Total N output due to crop grain N removal and N losses due to denitrification, volatilization, plant senescence, N leaching, gaseous N (NOx) emissions, and surface runoff was lower in traditional CD and D-F-D-P than traditional D-C-D-P and ecological D-C-D-P, D-D-C-P, and D-F-D-P. Nitrogen sequestration rate at 0–125 cm from 2005 to 2011 ranged from 40 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for ecological D-D-F-P to 52 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for ecological CD. Nitrogen balance ranged from −39 to −36 kg N ha−1 yr−1 with CD compared to 9–25 kg N ha−1 yr−1 with other crop rotations in both cultural practices. Because of reduced reliance on external N inputs and increased grain N removal, N flow, and N surplus, crop rotations with legumes, nonlegumes, and oilseed crops in the rotation can be productive and environmentally sustainable compared with monocropping, regardless of cultural practices

Soil residual nitrogen under various crop rotations and cultural practices

Crop rotation and cultural practice may influence soil residual N available for environmental loss due to crop N uptake and N immobilization. We evaluated the effects of stacked vs. alternate-year crop rotations and cultural practices on soil residual N (NH4-N and NO3-N contents) at the 0–125 cm depth, annualized crop N uptake, and N balance from 2005 to 2011 in the northern Great Plains, USA. Stacked rotations were durum (Triticum turgidum L.)–durum–canola (Brassica napusL.)–pea (Pisum sativum L.) (DDCP) and durum–durum–flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)–pea (DDFP). Alternate-year rotations were durum–canola–durum–pea (DCDP) and durum–flax–durum–pea (DFDP). Both of these are legume-based rotations because they contain legume (pea) in the crop rotation. A continuous durum (CD) was also included for comparison. Cultural practices were traditional (conventional tillage, recommended seeding rate, broadcast N fertilization, and reduced stubble height) and improved (no-tillage, increased seeding rate, banded N fertilization, and increased stubble height) systems. The amount of N fertilizer applied to each crop in the rotation was adjusted to soil NO3-N content to a depth of 60 cm observed in the autumn of the previous year. Compared with other crop rotations, annualized crop biomass N was greater with DCDP and DDCP in 2007 and 2009, but was greater with DDFP than DCDP in 2011. Annualized grain N was greater with DCDP than CD, DFDP, and DDFP and greater in the improved than the traditional practice in 2010 and 2011. Soil NH4-N content was greater with CD than other crop rotations in the traditional practice at 0–5 cm, but was greater with DDCP than CD and DDFP in the improved practice at 50–88 cm. Soil NO3-N content was greater with CD than other crop rotations at 5–10 cm, but was greater with CD and DFDP than DCDP and DDCP at 10–20, 88–125, and 0–125 cm. Nitrate-N content at 88–125 and 0–125 cm was also greater in the traditional than the improved practice. Nitrogen balance based on the difference between N inputs and outputs was greater with crop rotations than CD. Increased N fertilization rate increased soil residual N with CD, but legume N fixation increased N balance with crop rotations. Legume-based crop rotations (all rotations except CD) reduced N input and soil residual N available for environmental loss, especially in the improved practice, by increasing crop N uptake and N immobilization compared with non-legume monocrop

Dryland Pea Production and Water Use Responses to Tillage, Crop Rotation, and Weed Management Practice

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) has been used to replace fallow and to sustain dryland crop yields in arid and semiarid regions, but information to optimize its management is required. We evaluated pea growth, yield, and water use in response to tillage, crop rotation, and weed management practice from 2005 to 2010 in the northern Great Plains, United States. Tillage systems were no-tillage and conventional tillage, and crop rotations were spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–pea (W-P), spring wheat–forage barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.)–pea (W-B-P), and spring wheat–forage barley–corn (Zea mays L.)–pea (W-B-C-P). Weed managements were traditional (conventional seeding rates, early planting, broadcast N fertilization, and reduced stubble height) and improved (variable seeding rates, delayed planting, banded N fertilization, and increased stubble height) practices. Pea plant stand, height, pod number, grain and biomass yields, and water-use efficiency (WUE) were 4 to 23% greater with the improved than the traditional weed management practice, but seed number per pod was 5% greater with the traditional practice. Plant height, pod number, biomass and grain yields, preplant and postharvest soil water contents, and WUE were 2 to 51% greater with W-B-P and W-B-C-P than W-P. Pea yield and WUE increased with extended crop rotation with nonlegumes and the improved weed management due to enhanced plant growth and seed characteristics as a result of greater soil water availability, seeding rate, and wheat stubble height. Dryland pea yield and water use can be enhanced by using extended diversified crop rotations and by increasing seeding rate and wheat stubble height