A Selective PMCA Inhibitor Does Not Prolong the Electroolfactogram in Mouse

Within the cilia of vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons, Ca(2+) accumulates during odor transduction. Termination of the odor response requires removal of this Ca(2+), and prior evidence suggests that both Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange and plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) contribute to this removal.In intact mouse olfactory epithelium, we measured the time course of termination of the odor-induced field potential. Replacement of mucosal Na(+) with Li(+), which reduces the ability of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange to expel Ca(2+), prolonged the termination as expected. However, treating the epithelium with the specific PMCA inhibitor caloxin 1b1 caused no significant increase in the time course of response termination.Under these experimental conditions, PMCA does not contribute detectably to the termination of the odor response

Intraoperative complications of laparoscopic adrenalectomy

A laparoscopic or retroperitoneoscopic access to the adrenal gland is the standard of care for adrenalectomy in most cases. Although in laparoscopic adrenalectomy the approach is minimally invasive, the procedure is challenging. This is reflected in the scope of possible complications. The surgeon must consider complications related to the anatomical topography of the adrenal gland, which typically encompasses the complications known from open surgery and complications related to the minimal invasive access. In this topic paper we will address the most frequently encountered complications of adrenalectomy: vascular injuries, injuries of the bowel, pleural tears, and injuries to the liver, spleen and pancreas. Fortunately, these complications occur rarely. However, many of these complications can have devastating consequences. Therefore, it's the surgeon's obligation to be aware of the possible complications he might encounter during laparoscopic adrenalectomy. This awareness is essential for their prevention and it helps the laparoscopic surgeon to identify complications intraoperatively