SNEWS 2.0: a next-generation supernova early warning system for multi-messenger astronomy

The next core-collapse supernova in the Milky Way or its satellites will represent a once-in-a-generation opportunity to obtain detailed information about the explosion of a star and provide significant scientific insight for a variety of fields because of the extreme conditions found within. Supernovae in our galaxy are not only rare on a human timescale but also happen at unscheduled times, so it is crucial to be ready and use all available instruments to capture all possible information from the event. The first indication of a potential stellar explosion will be the arrival of a bright burst of neutrinos. Its observation by multiple detectors worldwide can provide an early warning for the subsequent electromagnetic fireworks, as well as signal to other detectors with significant backgrounds so they can store their recent data. The supernova early warning system (SNEWS) has been operating as a simple coincidence between neutrino experiments in automated mode since 2005. In the current era of multi-messenger astronomy there are new opportunities for SNEWS to optimize sensitivity to science from the next galactic supernova beyond the simple early alert. This document is the product of a workshop in June 2019 towards design of SNEWS 2.0, an upgraded SNEWS with enhanced capabilities exploiting the unique advantages of prompt neutrino detection to maximize the science gained from such a valuable event

Sensory Responses in Nutrition and Energy Balance : Role of Texture, Taste, and Smell in Eating Behavior

Billions of people, almost 40% of the world’s population, are either overweight or underweight, which is a direct consequence of the food environment. In more and more countries in the world, people are overweight in a large part due to the obesogenic food environment. The obesogenic food environment leads to an overconsumption of energy; it is obvious that sensory characteristics of food have a tremendous impact on food choice and intake. The chapter deals with the effects of texture, taste, and smell on intake. The effect of texture on energy intake is dramatic. Liquid and soft foods are consumed at much higher rates compared to more harder foods. The energy intake rate of energy dense liquids (like sugar sweetened beverages) and soft solids (like cake, sausage roll, minced meatball) is in the range of 150-450 kcal/min, quickly leading to overconsumption of energy. Liquid and soft solid calories are not well sensed by the sense of taste, due to their short oro-sensory exposure time per kcal ingested. Various recent studies show that across the food supplies in Australia, Malaysia, the Netherlands, and the USA, sweetness, umami, saltiness, and fat sensation intensities relate to concentrations of carbohydrates, protein salt, and fat in food. So, taste serves as nutrient sensing system, and this sensing system contributes to satiation. The role of smell is different. Retronasal smell sensations coming through flavors within foods do not have an impact on satiation; odors in the environment may lead to sensory specific appetites. In summary, sensory signals from foods have a large impact on energy intake, and designing foods in an optimal way leads to a higher satiating efficiency per kcal, while maintaining palatability. In this way we can make the healthy choice the happy choice