11 research outputs found
Multiple-role mentoring: mentors' conceptualisations, enactments and role conflicts
Introduction Outcome-based approaches to education and the inherent emphasis on programmatic assessment in particular, require models of mentoring in which mentors fulfil dual roles: coach and assessor. Fulfilling multiple roles could result in role confusion or even role conflicts, both of which may affect mentoring processes and outcomes. In this study, we explored how mentors conceptualise and enact their role in a multiple-role mentoring system and to what extent they experience role conflicts. Methods We conducted a constructivist grounded theory study at one undergraduate medical school. A purposive sample of 12 physician-mentors active in a programmatic assessment system was interviewed. Data analysis followed stages of open, axial and selective coding through which themes were constructed. Results Three predominant mentoring approaches were constructed: (i) empowering (a reflective and holistic approach to student development); (ii) checking (an observant approach to check whether formal requirements are met), and (iii) directing (an authoritative approach to guide students' professional development). Each approach encompassed a corresponding type of mentor-mentee relationship: (i) partnership; (ii) instrumental, and (iii) faculty-centred. Furthermore, mentors' strategies, focus, agency provided to students and perception of the assessment system characterised mentoring approaches and relationships. Role conflicts were mainly experienced by mentors with a directing mentoring approach. They used various coping mechanisms, including deviation from assessment guidelines. Conclusions In multiple-role mentoring in the context of programmatic assessment, mentors adopted certain predominant mentoring approaches, which were characterised by different strategies for mentoring and resulted in different mentor-mentee relationships. Multiple-role mentoring does not necessarily result in role conflict. Mentors who do experience role conflict seem to favour the directing approach, which is most at odds with key principles of competency-based education and programmatic assessment. These findings build upon existing mentoring literature and offer practical suggestions for faculty development regarding approaches to mentoring in programmatic assessment systems.</p
Lung Hyaluronan and Water Content in Preterm and Term Rabbit Pups Exposed to Oxygen or Air
Vigorous exchange between the Indian and Atlantic oceans at the end of the past five glacial periods
The magnitude of heat and salt transfer between the Indian and
Atlantic oceans through 'Agulhas leakage' is considered important
for balancing the global thermohaline circulation1-3.
Increases or reductions of this leakage lead to strengthening or
weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning and associated
variation of North Atlantic Deep Water formation4-6. Here we show that modern Agulhas waters, which migrate into the south
Atlantic Ocean in the form of an Agulhas ring, contain a
characteristic assemblage of planktic foraminifera. We use this
assemblage as a modern analogue to investigate the Agulhas
leakage history over the past 550,000 years from a sediment
record in the Cape basin. Our reconstruction indicates that
Indian-Atlantic water exchange was highly variable: enhanced
during present and past interglacials and largely reduced during
glacial intervals. Coherent variability of Agulhas leakage with
northern summer insolation suggests a teleconnection to the
monsoon system. The onset of increased Agulhas leakage during
late glacial conditions took place when glacial ice volume was
maximal, suggesting a crucial role for Agulhas leakage in glacial
terminations, timing of interhemispheric climate change7 and
the resulting resumption of the Atlantic meridional overturning
circulation6