Synthesis, structural characterization, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of aziridine, 2-aminoethylaziridine and azirine complexes of copper(II) and palladium(II).

The synthesis, spectroscopic and X-ray structural characterization of copper(II) and palladium(II) complexes with aziridine ligands as 2-dimethylaziridine HNCH2CMe2 (a), the bidentate N-(2-aminoethyl)aziridines C2H4NC2H4NH2 (b) or CH2CMe2NCH2CMe2NH2 (c) as well as the unsaturated azirine NCH2CPh (d) are reported. Cleavage of the cyclometallated Pd(II) dimer [μ-Cl(C6H4CHMeNMe2-C,N)Pd]2 with ligand a yielded compound [Cl(NHCH2CMe2)(C6H4CHMe2NMe2-C,N)Pd] (1a). The reaction of the aziridine complex trans-[Cl2Pd(HNC2H4)2] with an excess of aziridine in the presence of AgOTf gave the ionic chelate complex trans-[(C2H4NC2H4NH2-N,N′)2Pd](OTf)2 (2b) which contains the new ligand b formed by an unexpected insertion and ring opening reaction of two aziridines (“aziridine dimerization”). CuCl2 reacted in pure HNC2H4 or HNCH2CMe2 (b) again by “dimerization” to give the tris-chelated ionic complex [Cu(C2H4NC2H4NH2-N,N′)3]Cl2 (3b) or the bis-chelated complex [CuCl(C2H2Me2NC2H2Me2NH2-N,N′)2]Cl (4c). By addition of 2H-3-phenylazirine (d) to PdCl2, trans-[Cl2Pd(NCH2CPh)2] (5d) was formed. All new compounds were characterized by NMR, IR and mass spectra and also by X-ray structure analyses (except 3b). Additionally the cytotoxic effects of these complexes were examined on HL-60 and NALM-6 human leukemia cells and melanoma WM-115 cells. The antimicrobial activity was also determined. The growth of Gram-positive bacterial strains (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis) was inhibited by almost all tested complexes at the concentrations of 37.5–300.0 μg mL−1. However, MIC values of complexes obtained for Gram-negative E. coli and P. aeruginosa, as well as for C. albicans yeast, mostly exceeded 300 μg mL−1. The highest antibacterial activity was achieved by complexes 1a and 2b. Complex 2b also inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. Graphical abstract: Synthesis, structural characterization, antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of aziridine, 2-aminoethylaziridine and azirine complexes of copper(ii) and palladium(ii

Safety Procedures for Basketball

The purpose of this study is to consider the many ways basketball can be made safer for the individual participants. In organizing this paper, the author hoped to gain further insight into just one of the many areas of safety. He believes this material can be useful not only for the basketball coach, but for all individuals interested in protecting one of our nation\u27s most priceless possessions--its children

Facilitating the Discovery of Chemical Tools for Manipulating pre-miRNA Structure-Function

The biological implications of RNA continue to expand beyond the role as the simple messenger between DNA and protein translation. This expansion has been catalyzed by the development of new technologies that facilitate both the discovery of new RNAs and their biological impact. One class of RNA that has been particularly interesting is the family of small non-coding RNAs termed microRNAs (miRNAs). While miRNAs do not code for proteins, their biology is intimately intertwined, as miRNAs are estimated to regulate the majority of protein translation. This translational regulation stems from a miRNA’s ability to use sequence complementarity to identify a target messenger RNA and trigger translational suppression. Since miRNAs play crucial roles in biology, their dysregulation has been implicated in nearly every disease. As such, miRNAs are being evaluated as targets for therapeutic intervention. There are many different strategies being explored to manipulate these small RNAs. The furthest progressed strategy for miRNA manipulation is based on modified oligonucleotides and is being evaluated in the clinic; however, drugs developed using this approach have yet to receive FDA approval. While oligonucleotides are easy to design, obtaining optimal drug like properties has remained a challenge. Alternative strategies for miRNA manipulation, such as small molecules, have remained at the proof-of-concept stage largely due to the challenges associated with their discovery and design. To facilitate the discovery of new small molecules and strategies to manipulate miRNA biology, new technologies were developed. These reported techniques focused on the generation of RNA-protein conjugates that were crucial to the development of both high-throughput screening and biological assays. The first of these assays is focused on inhibiting the biogenesis of miRNAs and was able to identify natural product extracts as a source of small molecules capable of binding and disrupting miRNA precursors. The second assay platform discovered a small molecule capable of disrupting a known miRNA precursor-RNA binding protein interaction, pre-let-7d-Lin28. Having successfully disrupted a clinically relevant RNA-protein interaction, a final assay was created to aid in the discovery of new RNA-protein interactions by reporting direct interactions in live cells. Altogether, the technologies reported serve as a launching platform for the discovery of molecules with the ability to manipulate clinically significant miRNAs.PHDChemical BiologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/144138/1/lorenzda_1.pd

Broadband Quantum Memory in Atomic Ensembles

Broadband quantum memory is critical to enabling the operation of emerging photonic quantum technology at high speeds. Here we review a central challenge to achieving broadband quantum memory in atomic ensembles -- what we call the 'linewidth-bandwidth mismatch' problem -- and the relative merits of various memory protocols and hardware used for accomplishing this task. We also review the theory underlying atomic ensemble quantum memory and its extensions to optimizing memory efficiency and characterizing memory sensitivity. Finally, we examine the state-of-the-art performance of broadband atomic ensemble quantum memories with respect to three key metrics: efficiency, memory lifetime, and noise.Comment: 40 pages, 11 figures, submitted to Advances in AMO Physic

A Preliminary Qualitative Assessment of the University of the Philippines Visayas’s Technology Business Incubation Project in Western Visayas, Philippines

The primary role of business incubators is to provide a variety of services, resources, and facilities in support of start-ups or enterprises in the early stages of their ventures. While business incubator success indicators have been studied elsewhere, knowledge is scarce regarding incubator processes and how their support programs are organized to achieve their goal of helping out start-ups thrive and survive. This study presents an assessment of the University of the Philippines Visayas’s traditional business incubation facility based in Western Visayas, Philippines, highlighting the activities involved, outputs, and outcomes. Primary data were gathered to describe the project’s activities, outputs, and outcomes, while secondary data were sought from secondary data sources. The key success factors of the incubation project were derived from key informant interviews participated by 16 incubated enterprises. Incubatees underwent six activities throughout the project that led to the formulation of a business plan and improved incubatees’ enterprises. The project’s outcomes gauged through hard (definable and quantifiable results) and soft measures (subjective and unquantifiable results) were highlighted. The most prominent outcome based on hard measures is the growth of their enterprise. The effectiveness of the partnership has the highest impact among the soft measures. Results of the study show that incubatees deemed connections and/or partnerships as crucial to the growth of their enterprises and affiliations with other institutions serve as a window of opportunity to secure financial assistance, marketing services, and technical support. Moreover, gaining trust and establishing good working teams with individuals who are passionate and highly committed were also identified as important factors for the project’s success. Keywords: business incubation · entrepreneurship · partnershi

Fast Ensemble Smoothing

Smoothing is essential to many oceanographic, meteorological and hydrological applications. The interval smoothing problem updates all desired states within a time interval using all available observations. The fixed-lag smoothing problem updates only a fixed number of states prior to the observation at current time. The fixed-lag smoothing problem is, in general, thought to be computationally faster than a fixed-interval smoother, and can be an appropriate approximation for long interval-smoothing problems. In this paper, we use an ensemble-based approach to fixed-interval and fixed-lag smoothing, and synthesize two algorithms. The first algorithm produces a linear time solution to the interval smoothing problem with a fixed factor, and the second one produces a fixed-lag solution that is independent of the lag length. Identical-twin experiments conducted with the Lorenz-95 model show that for lag lengths approximately equal to the error doubling time, or for long intervals the proposed methods can provide significant computational savings. These results suggest that ensemble methods yield both fixed-interval and fixed-lag smoothing solutions that cost little additional effort over filtering and model propagation, in the sense that in practical ensemble application the additional increment is a small fraction of either filtering or model propagation costs. We also show that fixed-interval smoothing can perform as fast as fixed-lag smoothing and may be advantageous when memory is not an issue