Topology of molecular machines of the endoplasmic reticulum: a compilation of proteomics and cytological data

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key organelle of the secretion pathway involved in the synthesis of both proteins and lipids destined for multiple sites within and without the cell. The ER functions to both co- and post-translationally modify newly synthesized proteins and lipids and sort them for housekeeping within the ER and for transport to their sites of function away from the ER. In addition, the ER is involved in the metabolism and degradation of specific xenobiotics and endogenous biosynthetic products. A variety of proteomics studies have been reported on different subcompartments of the ER providing an ER protein dictionary with new data being made available on many protein complexes of relevance to the biology of the ER including the ribosome, the translocon, coatomer proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, folding proteins, the antigen-processing machinery, signaling proteins and proteins involved in membrane traffic. This review examines proteomics and cytological data in support of the presence of specific molecular machines at specific sites or subcompartments of the ER

Principles of structure building in music, language and animal song

M.R. was generously supported by the MIT Department of Linguistics and Philosophy as well as the Zukunftskonzept at TU Dresden supported by the Exzellenzinitiative of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. W.Z. is supported by the New Generation Initiative of the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Amsterdam. G.A.W. is supported by the Lrn2Cre8 and ConCreTe projects, which acknowledge the financial support of the Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) programme within the Seventh Framework Programme for Research of the European Commission, under FET grant numbers 610859 and 611733. C.S. acknowledges funding from the Excellence Clusters Languages of Emotions and Neurocure, the collaborative research grant SFB 665, and Bernstein focus area ‘neural basis of learning’, project ‘variable tunes: neural mechanisms underlying learning motor sequences (01GQ0961/TP1, BMBF)