Whole home exercise intervention for depression in older care home residents (the OPERA study) : a process evaluation

Background: The ‘Older People’s Exercise intervention in Residential and nursing Accommodation’ (OPERA) cluster randomised trial evaluated the impact of training for care home staff together with twice-weekly, physiotherapist-led exercise classes on depressive symptoms in care home residents, but found no effect. We report a process evaluation exploring potential explanations for the lack of effect. Methods: The OPERA trial included over 1,000 residents in 78 care homes in the UK. We used a mixed methods approach including quantitative data collected from all homes. In eight case study homes, we carried out repeated periods of observation and interviews with residents, care staff and managers. At the end of the intervention, we held focus groups with OPERA research staff. We reported our first findings before the trial outcome was known. Results: Homes showed large variations in activity at baseline and throughout the trial. Overall attendance rate at the group exercise sessions was low (50%). We considered two issues that might explain the negative outcome: whether the intervention changed the culture of the homes, and whether the residents engaged with the intervention. We found low levels of staff training, few home champions for the intervention and a culture that prioritised protecting residents from harm over encouraging activity. The trial team delivered 3,191 exercise groups but only 36% of participants attended at least 1 group per week and depressed residents attended significantly fewer groups than those who were not depressed. Residents were very frail and therefore most groups only included seated exercises. Conclusions: The intervention did not change the culture of the homes and, in the case study homes, activity levels did not change outside the exercise groups. Residents did not engage in the exercise groups at a sufficient level, and this was particularly true for those with depressive symptoms at baseline. The physical and mental frailty of care home residents may make it impossible to deliver a sufficiently intense exercise intervention to impact on depressive symptoms

Density compensated diodes for small field dosimetry: Comprehensive testing and implications for design

Purpose. In small megavoltage photon fields, the accuracies of an unmodified PTW 60017-type diode dosimeter and six diodes modified by adding airgaps of thickness 0.6-1.6 mm and diameter 3.6 mm have been comprehensively characterized experimentally and computationally. The optimally thick airgap for density compensation was determined, and detectors were micro-CT imaged to investigate differences between experimentally measured radiation responses and those predicted computationally. Methods. Detectors were tested on- and off-axis, at 5 and 15 cm depths in 6 and 15 MV fields ≥ 0.5 0.5 cm2. Computational studies were carried out using the EGSnrc/BEAMnrc Monte Carlo radiation transport code. Experimentally, radiation was delivered using a Varian TrueBeam linac and doses absorbed by water were measured using Gafchromic EBT3 film and ionization chambers, and compared with diode readings. Detector response was characterized via the formalism, choosing a 4 4 cm2 reference field. Results. For the unmodified 60017 diode, the maximum error in small field doses obtained from diode readings uncorrected by factors was determined as 11.9% computationally at +0.25 mm off-axis and 5 cm depth in a 15 MV 0.5 0.5 cm2 field, and 11.7% experimentally at -0.30 mm off-axis and 5 cm depth in the same field. A detector modified to include a 1.6 mm thick airgap performed best, with maximum computationally and experimentally determined errors of 2.2% and 4.1%. The 1.6 mm airgap deepened the modified dosimeter's effective point of measurement by 0.5 mm. For some detectors significant differences existed between responses in small fields determined computationally and experimentally, micro-CT imaging indicating that these differences were due to within-tolerance variations in the thickness of an epoxy resin layer. Conclusions. The dosimetric performance of a 60017 diode detector was comprehensively improved throughout 6 and 15 MV small photon fields via density compensation. For this approach to work well with good detector-to-detector reproducibility, tolerances on dense component dimensions should be reduced to limit associated variations of response in small fields, or these components should be modified to have more water-like densities

Soft-x-ray resonant scattering from V/Fe (001) magnetic superlattices

The magnetic properties of Fe and V in (n ML V / 5 ML Fe) (001) superlattices (n = 1, 2, and 5 ML) have been investigated by measuring the magnetization dependent scattering of elliptically polarized soft x rays at various scattering angles and for photon energies across the 2p x-ray-absorption edges of both Fe and V. A quantitative estimate of the magnetic moment induced on vanadium is obtained from the analysis of the resonant scattering data. [S0163-1829(99)50842-4]

Optical constants of ferromagnetic iron via 2p resonant magnetic scattering

We have determined the optical constants at the 2p edges of iron by measuring the Bragg scattering from a Fe/V superlattice using elliptically polarized photons whose energies were tuned across the Fe 2p resonances (700-730 eV). The analysis of the Bragg peak displacement as a function of photon energy and sample magnetization, together with standard absorption measurements, allowed to determine the complete dielectric tensor for Fe, including its off-diagonal terms

The meaning of confidence for older people living with frailty

© 2017 THE JOANNA BRIGGS INSTITUTE. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYBackground In many countries, the oldest old (those aged 85 years and older) are now the fastest growing proportion of the total population. This oldest population will increasingly be living with the clinical condition of frailty. Frailty syndromes negatively impact on the person as they do the healthcare systems supporting them. Within healthcare literature "loss of confidence" is occasionally connected to older people living with frailty, but ambiguously described. Understanding the concept of confidence within the context of frailty could inform interventions to meet this growing challenge. Objectives The objective of this systematic review was to explore the meaning of confidence from the perspective of older people living with frailty through synthesis of qualitative evidence to inform healthcare practice, research and policy. Inclusion criteria Types of participants Studies that included frail adults, aged over 60 years, experiencing acute hospital and or post-acute care in the last 12 months. Phenomena of interest The concept of "confidence" and its impact on the physical health and mental well-being of older people living with frailty. Context Studies that reported on the older person's descriptions, understanding and meaning of confidence in relation to their frailty or recent healthcare experiences. Types of studies Studies of qualitative design and method. Search strategy A three step search strategy was used. The search strategy explored published studies and gray literature. Publications in English from the last 20 years were considered for inclusion. Methodological quality All included articles were assessed by two independent reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute Qualitative Assessment Review Instrument (JBI-QARI). Data extraction Data were extracted from included studies using the data extraction tools developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Data synthesis Qualitative research findings were collated using a meta-aggregative approach and JBI-QARI software. Results Synthesized findings of this review were drawn from just four research studies that met the inclusion criteria. Only six findings contributed to the creation of three categories. These informed a single synthesized finding: Vulnerability, described as a fragile state of well-being that is exposed to the conflicting tensions between physical, emotional and social factors. These tensions have the capability to enhance or Erode this state. Conclusions Assertions that an understanding of the concept confidence has been reached cannot be made. The review data offer limited insight into the concept of confidence being described by the cohort of older people living with frailty

Effectiveness of nurse-coordinated, person-centered comprehensive assessment on improving quality of life of community-dwelling frail older people

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review is to determine the effectiveness of nurse-coordinated, person-centered comprehensive assessment on improving quality of life of community-dwelling, frail older people. INTRODUCTION: There is a growing need to meet the challenges of the increasingly frail and older population, and to provide proactive, holistic care close to home. A standardized assessment and care planning intervention could be implemented in primary care, which could be delivered by a primary or community healthcare nurse to address these challenges. However, it is not yet clear if an assessment and care planning intervention will improve outcomes for patients, such as quality of life. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review will consider studies that evaluate nurse-coordinated, person-centered, comprehensive assessment delivered in partnership with community-dwelling, frail older people, and will compare the intervention to usual care. Studies that include people aged 60 years and older living at home or in supported living accommodation with a recognized level of frailty as assessed by use of frailty screening or assessment tools, will be considered. Studies that include outcomes of health-related quality of life, social functioning, and well-being will also be considered. METHODS: An initial limited search of PubMed and CINAHL has been undertaken to identify articles on the topic. The following sources will be searched for eligible papers: PubMED, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, BNI, AMED, and OpenGrey. Retrieval of full-text studies, assessment of methodological quality, and data extraction will be performed independently by two reviewers. Meta-analysis will be performed, if possible, and a Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Summary of Findings presented. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42019137886

Virologic Failures on Initial Boosted-PI Regimen Infrequently Possess Low-Level Variants with Major PI Resistance Mutations by Ultra-Deep Sequencing

It is unknown whether HIV-positive patients experiencing virologic failure (VF) on boosted-PI (PI/r) regimens without drug resistant mutations (DRM) by standard genotyping harbor low-level PI resistant variants. CASTLE compared the efficacy of atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r) with lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), each in combination with TVD in ARV-naïve subjects.To determine if VF on an initial PI/r-based regimen possess low-level resistant variants that may affect a subsequent PI-containing regimen.Patients experiencing VF on a Tenofovir/Emtricitabine+PI/r regimen were evaluated by ultra deep sequencing (UDS) for mutations classified/weighted by Stanford HIVdb. Samples were evaluated for variants to 0.4% levels. 36 VF subjects were evaluated by UDS; 24 had UDS for PI and RT DRMs. Of these 24, 19 (79.2%) had any DRM by UDS. The most common UDS-detected DRM were NRTI in 18 subjects: M184V/I (11), TAMs(7) & K65R(4); PI DRMs were detected in 9 subjects: M46I/V(5), F53L(2), I50V(1), D30N(1), and N88S(1). The remaining 12 subjects, all with VLs<10,000, had protease gene UDS, and 4 had low-level PI DRMs: F53L(2), L76V(1), I54S(1), G73S(1). Overall, 3/36(8.3%) subjects had DRMs identified with Stanford-HIVdb weights >12 for ATV or LPV: N88S (at 0.43% level-mutational load 1,828) in 1 subject on ATV; I50V (0.44%-mutational load 110) and L76V (0.52%-mutational load 20) in 1 subject each, both on LPV. All VF samples remained phenotypically susceptible to the treatment PI/r.Among persons experiencing VF without PI DRMs with standard genotyping on an initial PI/r regimen, low-level variants possessing major PI DRMs were present in a minority of cases, occurred in isolation, and did not result in phenotypic resistance. NRTI DRMs were detected in a high proportion of subjects. These data suggest that PIs may remain effective in subjects experiencing VF on a PI/r-based regimen when PI DRMs are not detected by standard or UDS genotyping

A systematic review and meta-synthesis of the impact of low back pain on people's lives

Copyright @ 2014 Froud et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.Background - Low back pain (LBP) is a common and costly problem that many interpret within a biopsychosocial model. There is renewed concern that core-sets of outcome measures do not capture what is important. To inform debate about the coverage of back pain outcome measure core-sets, and to suggest areas worthy of exploration within healthcare consultations, we have synthesised the qualitative literature on the impact of low back pain on people’s lives. Methods - Two reviewers searched CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, PEDro, and Medline, identifying qualitative studies of people’s experiences of non-specific LBP. Abstracted data were thematic coded and synthesised using a meta-ethnographic, and a meta-narrative approach. Results - We included 49 papers describing 42 studies. Patients are concerned with engagement in meaningful activities; but they also want to be believed and have their experiences and identity, as someone ‘doing battle’ with pain, validated. Patients seek diagnosis, treatment, and cure, but also reassurance of the absence of pathology. Some struggle to meet social expectations and obligations. When these are achieved, the credibility of their pain/disability claims can be jeopardised. Others withdraw, fearful of disapproval, or unable or unwilling to accommodate social demands. Patients generally seek to regain their pre-pain levels of health, and physical and emotional stability. After time, this can be perceived to become unrealistic and some adjust their expectations accordingly. Conclusions - The social component of the biopsychosocial model is not well represented in current core-sets of outcome measures. Clinicians should appreciate that the broader impact of low back pain includes social factors; this may be crucial to improving patients’ experiences of health care. Researchers should consider social factors to help develop a portfolio of more relevant outcome measures.Arthritis Research U